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## 参考文献
1. Michael Stonebraker and Uğur Çetintemel: “['One Size Fits All': An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.68.9136&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *21st International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), April 2005.
1. Walter L. Heimerdinger and Charles B. Weinstock: “[A Conceptual Framework for System Fault Tolerance](http://www.sei.cmu.edu/reports/92tr033.pdf),” Technical Report CMU/SEI-92-TR-033, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, October 1992.
1. Ding Yuan, Yu Luo, Xin Zhuang, et al.: “[Simple Testing Can Prevent Most Critical Failures: An Analysis of Production Failures in Distributed Data-Intensive Systems](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-yuan.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2014.
1. Yury Izrailevsky and Ariel Tseitlin: “[The Netflix Simian Army](http://techblog.netflix.com/2011/07/netflix-simian-army.html),” *techblog.netflix.com*, July 19, 2011.
1. Daniel Ford, François Labelle, Florentina I. Popovici, et al.: “[Availability in Globally Distributed Storage Systems](http://research.google.com/pubs/archive/36737.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2010.
1. Brian Beach: “[Hard Drive Reliability Update Sep 2014](https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-update-september-2014/),” *backblaze.com*, September 23, 2014.
1. Laurie Voss: “[AWS: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429075023/http://blog.awe.sm/2012/12/18/aws-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/),” *blog.awe.sm*, December 18, 2012.
1. Haryadi S. Gunawi, Mingzhe Hao, Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa, et al.: “[What Bugs Live in the Cloud?](http://ucare.cs.uchicago.edu/pdf/socc14-cbs.pdf),” at *5th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), November 2014. [doi:10.1145/2670979.2670986](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2670979.2670986)
1. Nelson Minar: “[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
1. Amazon Web Services: “[Summary of the Amazon EC2 and Amazon RDS Service Disruption in the US East Region](http://aws.amazon.com/message/65648/),” *aws.amazon.com*, April 29, 2011.
1. Richard I. Cook: “[How Complex Systems Fail](http://web.mit.edu/2.75/resources/random/How%20Complex%20Systems%20Fail.pdf),” Cognitive Technologies Laboratory, April 2000.
1. Jay Kreps: “[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012.
1. David Oppenheimer, Archana Ganapathi, and David A. Patterson: “[Why Do Internet Services Fail, and What Can Be Done About It?](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/usits03/tech/full_papers/oppenheimer/oppenheimer.pdf),” at *4th USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems* (USITS), March 2003.
1. Nathan Marz: “[Principles of Software Engineering, Part 1](http://nathanmarz.com/blog/principles-of-software-engineering-part-1.html),” *nathanmarz.com*, April 2, 2013.
1. Michael Jurewitz:“[The Human Impact of Bugs](http://jury.me/blog/2013/3/14/the-human-impact-of-bugs),” *jury.me*, March 15, 2013.
1. Raffi Krikorian: “[Timelines at Scale](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Twitter-Timeline-Scalability),” at *QCon San Francisco*, November 2012.
1. Martin Fowler: *Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture*. Addison Wesley, 2002. ISBN: 978-0-321-12742-6
1. Kelly Sommers: “[After all that run around, what caused 500ms disk latency even when we replaced physical server?](https://twitter.com/kellabyte/status/532930540777635840)” *twitter.com*, November 13, 2014.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Greg Linden: “[Make Data Useful](http://glinden.blogspot.co.uk/2006/12/slides-from-my-talk-at-stanford.html),” slides from presentation at Stanford University Data Mining class (CS345), December 2006.
1. Tammy Everts: “[The Real Cost of Slow Time vs Downtime](http://www.webperformancetoday.com/2014/11/12/real-cost-slow-time-vs-downtime-slides/),” *webperformancetoday.com*, November 12, 2014.
1. Jake Brutlag:“[Speed Matters for Google Web Search](http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/speed-matters.html),” *googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk*, June 22, 2009.
1. Tyler Treat: “[Everything You Know About Latency Is Wrong](http://bravenewgeek.com/everything-you-know-about-latency-is-wrong/),” *bravenewgeek.com*, December 12, 2015.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Luiz André Barroso: “[The Tail at Scale](http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/2/160173-the-tail-at-scale/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 56, number 2, pages 7480, February 2013. [doi:10.1145/2408776.2408794](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2408776.2408794)
1. Graham Cormode, Vladislav Shkapenyuk, Divesh Srivastava, and Bojian Xu: “[Forward Decay: A Practical Time Decay Model for Streaming Systems](http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~graham/pubs/papers/fwddecay.pdf),” at *25th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), March 2009.
1. Ted Dunning and Otmar Ertl: “[Computing Extremely Accurate Quantiles Using t-Digests](https://github.com/tdunning/t-digest),” *github.com*, March 2014.
1. Gil Tene: “[HdrHistogram](http://www.hdrhistogram.org/),” *hdrhistogram.org*.
1. Baron Schwartz: “[Why Percentiles Dont Work the Way You Think](https://www.vividcortex.com/blog/why-percentiles-dont-work-the-way-you-think),” *vividcortex.com*, December 7, 2015.
1. James Hamilton: “[On Designing and Deploying Internet-Scale Services](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/lisa07/tech/full_papers/hamilton/hamilton.pdf),” at *21st Large Installation System Administration Conference* (LISA), November 2007.
1. Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder: “[Big Ball of Mud](http://www.laputan.org/pub/foote/mud.pdf),” at *4th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs* (PLoP), September 1997.
1. Frederick P Brooks: “No Silver Bullet Essence and Accident in Software Engineering,” in *The Mythical Man-Month*, Anniversary edition, Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-83595-3
1. Ben Moseley and Peter Marks: “[Out of the Tar Pit](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.93.8928),” at *BCS Software Practice Advancement* (SPA), 2006.
1. Rich Hickey: “[Simple Made Easy](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2011.
1. Hongyu Pei Breivold, Ivica Crnkovic, and Peter J. Eriksson: “[Analyzing Software Evolvability](http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/publications/1478.pdf),” at *32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference* (COMPSAC), July 2008. [doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50)
1. Michael Stonebraker and Uğur Çetintemel: “['One Size Fits All': An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.68.9136&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *21st International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), April 2005.
1. Walter L. Heimerdinger and Charles B. Weinstock: “[A Conceptual Framework for System Fault Tolerance](https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/TechnicalReport/1992_005_001_16112.pdf),” Technical Report CMU/SEI-92-TR-033, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, October 1992.
1. Ding Yuan, Yu Luo, Xin Zhuang, et al.: “[Simple Testing Can Prevent Most Critical Failures: An Analysis of Production Failures in Distributed Data-Intensive Systems](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-yuan.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2014.
1. Yury Izrailevsky and Ariel Tseitlin: “[The Netflix Simian Army](http://techblog.netflix.com/2011/07/netflix-simian-army.html),” *techblog.netflix.com*, July 19, 2011.
1. Daniel Ford, François Labelle, Florentina I. Popovici, et al.: “[Availability in Globally Distributed Storage Systems](http://research.google.com/pubs/archive/36737.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2010.
1. Brian Beach: “[Hard Drive Reliability Update Sep 2014](https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-update-september-2014/),” *backblaze.com*, September 23, 2014.
1. Laurie Voss: “[AWS: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429075023/http://blog.awe.sm/2012/12/18/aws-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/),” *blog.awe.sm*, December 18, 2012.
1. Haryadi S. Gunawi, Mingzhe Hao, Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa, et al.: “[What Bugs Live in the Cloud?](http://ucare.cs.uchicago.edu/pdf/socc14-cbs.pdf),” at *5th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), November 2014. [doi:10.1145/2670979.2670986](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2670979.2670986)
1. Nelson Minar: “[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
1. Amazon Web Services: “[Summary of the Amazon EC2 and Amazon RDS Service Disruption in the US East Region](http://aws.amazon.com/message/65648/),” *aws.amazon.com*, April 29, 2011.
1. Richard I. Cook: “[How Complex Systems Fail](https://www.adaptivecapacitylabs.com/HowComplexSystemsFail.pdf),” Cognitive Technologies Laboratory, April 2000.
1. Jay Kreps: “[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012.
1. David Oppenheimer, Archana Ganapathi, and David A. Patterson: “[Why Do Internet Services Fail, and What Can Be Done About It?](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/usits03/tech/full_papers/oppenheimer/oppenheimer.pdf),” at *4th USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems* (USITS), March 2003.
1. Nathan Marz: “[Principles of Software Engineering, Part 1](http://nathanmarz.com/blog/principles-of-software-engineering-part-1.html),” *nathanmarz.com*, April 2, 2013.
1. Michael Jurewitz:“[The Human Impact of Bugs](http://jury.me/blog/2013/3/14/the-human-impact-of-bugs),” *jury.me*, March 15, 2013.
1. Raffi Krikorian: “[Timelines at Scale](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Twitter-Timeline-Scalability),” at *QCon San Francisco*, November 2012.
1. Martin Fowler: *Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture*. Addison Wesley, 2002. ISBN: 978-0-321-12742-6
1. Kelly Sommers: “[After all that run around, what caused 500ms disk latency even when we replaced physical server?](https://twitter.com/kellabyte/status/532930540777635840)” *twitter.com*, November 13, 2014.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Greg Linden: “[Make Data Useful](http://glinden.blogspot.co.uk/2006/12/slides-from-my-talk-at-stanford.html),” slides from presentation at Stanford University Data Mining class (CS345), December 2006.
1. Tammy Everts: “[The Real Cost of Slow Time vs Downtime](http://www.webperformancetoday.com/2014/11/12/real-cost-slow-time-vs-downtime-slides/),” *webperformancetoday.com*, November 12, 2014.
1. Jake Brutlag:“[Speed Matters for Google Web Search](http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/speed-matters.html),” *googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk*, June 22, 2009.
1. Tyler Treat: “[Everything You Know About Latency Is Wrong](http://bravenewgeek.com/everything-you-know-about-latency-is-wrong/),” *bravenewgeek.com*, December 12, 2015.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Luiz André Barroso: “[The Tail at Scale](http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/2/160173-the-tail-at-scale/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 56, number 2, pages 7480, February 2013. [doi:10.1145/2408776.2408794](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2408776.2408794)
1. Graham Cormode, Vladislav Shkapenyuk, Divesh Srivastava, and Bojian Xu: “[Forward Decay: A Practical Time Decay Model for Streaming Systems](http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~graham/pubs/papers/fwddecay.pdf),” at *25th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), March 2009.
1. Ted Dunning and Otmar Ertl: “[Computing Extremely Accurate Quantiles Using t-Digests](https://github.com/tdunning/t-digest),” *github.com*, March 2014.
1. Gil Tene: “[HdrHistogram](http://www.hdrhistogram.org/),” *hdrhistogram.org*.
1. Baron Schwartz: “[Why Percentiles Dont Work the Way You Think](https://www.vividcortex.com/blog/why-percentiles-dont-work-the-way-you-think),” *vividcortex.com*, December 7, 2015.
1. James Hamilton: “[On Designing and Deploying Internet-Scale Services](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/lisa07/tech/full_papers/hamilton/hamilton.pdf),” at *21st Large Installation System Administration Conference* (LISA), November 2007.
1. Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder: “[Big Ball of Mud](http://www.laputan.org/pub/foote/mud.pdf),” at *4th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs* (PLoP), September 1997.
1. Frederick P Brooks: “No Silver Bullet Essence and Accident in Software Engineering,” in *The Mythical Man-Month*, Anniversary edition, Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-83595-3
1. Ben Moseley and Peter Marks: “[Out of the Tar Pit](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.93.8928),” at *BCS Software Practice Advancement* (SPA), 2006.
1. Rich Hickey: “[Simple Made Easy](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2011.
1. Hongyu Pei Breivold, Ivica Crnkovic, and Peter J. Eriksson: “[Analyzing Software Evolvability](http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/publications/1478.pdf),” at *32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference* (COMPSAC), July 2008. [doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50)
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## 参考文献
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Joel Spolsky: “[The Perils of JavaSchools](http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/ThePerilsofJavaSchools.html),” *joelonsoftware.com*, December 25, 2005.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013. [doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
1. David J. DeWitt and Michael Stonebraker: “[MapReduce: A Major Step Backwards](https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~billhowe/mapreduce_a_major_step_backwards.html),” originally published at *databasecolumn.vertica.com*, January 17, 2008.
1. Henry Robinson: “[The Elephant Was a Trojan Horse: On the Death of Map-Reduce at Google](http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/the-elephant-was-a-trojan-horse-on-the-death-of-map-reduce-at-google/),” *the-paper-trail.org*, June 25, 2014.
1. “[The Hollerith Machine](https://www.census.gov/history/www/innovations/technology/the_hollerith_tabulator.html),” United States Census Bureau, *census.gov*.
1. “[IBM 82, 83, and 84 Sorters Reference Manual](http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/ibm/punchedCard/Sorter/A24-1034-1_82-83-84_sorters.pdf),” Edition A24-1034-1, International Business Machines Corporation, July 1962.
1. Adam Drake: “[Command-Line Tools Can Be 235x Faster than Your Hadoop Cluster](https://adamdrake.com/command-line-tools-can-be-235x-faster-than-your-hadoop-cluster.html),” *aadrake.com*, January 25, 2014.
1. “[GNU Coreutils 8.23 Documentation](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/index.html),” Free Software Foundation, Inc., 2014.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Kafka, Samza, and the Unix Philosophy of Distributed Data](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2015/08/05/kafka-samza-unix-philosophy-distributed-data.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, August 5, 2015.
1. Doug McIlroy:[Internal Bell Labs memo](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/mdmpipe.pdf), October 1964. Cited in: Dennis M. Richie: “[Advice from Doug McIlroy](https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/mdmpipe.html),” *cm.bell-labs.com*.
1. M. D. McIlroy, E. N. Pinson, and B. A. Tague: “[UNIX Time-Sharing System: Foreword](https://archive.org/details/bstj57-6-1899),” *The Bell System Technical Journal*, volume 57, number 6, pages 18991904, July 1978.
1. Eric S. Raymond: <a href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/">*The Art of UNIX Programming*</a>. Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-13-142901-7
1. Ronald Duncan: “[Text File Formats ASCII Delimited Text Not CSV or TAB Delimited Text](https://ronaldduncan.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/text-file-formats-ascii-delimited-text-not-csv-or-tab-delimited-text/),” *ronaldduncan.wordpress.com*, October 31, 2009.
1. Alan Kay: “[Is 'Software Engineering' an Oxymoron?](http://tinlizzie.org/~takashi/IsSoftwareEngineeringAnOxymoron.pdf),” *tinlizzie.org*.
1. Martin Fowler: “[InversionOfControl](http://martinfowler.com/bliki/InversionOfControl.html),” *martinfowler.com*, June 26, 2005.
1. Daniel J. Bernstein: “[Two File Descriptors for Sockets](http://cr.yp.to/tcpip/twofd.html),” *cr.yp.to*.
1. Rob Pike and Dennis M. Ritchie: “[The Styx Architecture for Distributed Systems](http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/styx),” *Bell Labs Technical Journal*, volume 4, number 2, pages 146152, April 1999.
1. Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and Shun-Tak Leung: “[The Google File System](http://research.google.com/archive/gfs-sosp2003.pdf),” at *19th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2003. [doi:10.1145/945445.945450](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/945445.945450)
1. Michael Ovsiannikov, Silvius Rus, Damian Reeves, et al.: “[The Quantcast File System](http://db.disi.unitn.eu/pages/VLDBProgram/pdf/industry/p808-ovsiannikov.pdf),” *Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment*, volume 6, number 11, pages 10921101, August 2013. [doi:10.14778/2536222.2536234](http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2536222.2536234)
1. “[OpenStack Swift 2.6.1 Developer Documentation](http://docs.openstack.org/developer/swift/),” OpenStack Foundation, *docs.openstack.org*, March 2016.
1. Zhe Zhang, Andrew Wang, Kai Zheng, et al.: “[Introduction to HDFS Erasure Coding in Apache Hadoop](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2015/09/introduction-to-hdfs-erasure-coding-in-apache-hadoop/),” *blog.cloudera.com*, September 23, 2015.
1. Peter Cnudde: “[Hadoop Turns 10](http://yahoohadoop.tumblr.com/post/138739227316/hadoop-turns-10),” *yahoohadoop.tumblr.com*, February 5, 2016.
1. Eric Baldeschwieler: “[Thinking About the HDFS vs. Other Storage Technologies](http://hortonworks.com/blog/thinking-about-the-hdfs-vs-other-storage-technologies/),” *hortonworks.com*, July 25, 2012.
1. Brendan Gregg: “[Manta: Unix Meets Map Reduce](http://dtrace.org/blogs/brendan/2013/06/25/manta-unix-meets-map-reduce/),” *dtrace.org*, June 25, 2013.
1. Tom White: *Hadoop: The Definitive Guide*, 4th edition. O'Reilly Media, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-491-90163-2
1. Jim N. Gray: “[Distributed Computing Economics](http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0403019.pdf),” Microsoft Research Tech Report MSR-TR-2003-24, March 2003.
1. Márton Trencséni: “[Luigi vs Airflow vs Pinball](http://bytepawn.com/luigi-airflow-pinball.html),” *bytepawn.com*, February 6, 2016.
1. Roshan Sumbaly, Jay Kreps, and Sam Shah: “[The 'Big Data' Ecosystem at LinkedIn](http://www.slideshare.net/s_shah/the-big-data-ecosystem-at-linkedin-23512853),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD)*, July 2013. [doi:10.1145/2463676.2463707](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2463676.2463707)
1. Alan F. Gates, Olga Natkovich, Shubham Chopra, et al.: “[Building a High-Level Dataflow System on Top of Map-Reduce: The Pig Experience](http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/2/vldb09-1074.pdf),” at *35th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), August 2009.
1. Ashish Thusoo, Joydeep Sen Sarma, Namit Jain, et al.: “[Hive A Petabyte Scale Data Warehouse Using Hadoop](http://i.stanford.edu/~ragho/hive-icde2010.pdf),” at *26th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), March 2010. [doi:10.1109/ICDE.2010.5447738](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2010.5447738)
1. “[Cascading 3.0 User Guide](http://docs.cascading.org/cascading/3.0/userguide/),” Concurrent, Inc., *docs.cascading.org*, January 2016.
1. “[Apache Crunch User Guide](https://crunch.apache.org/user-guide.html),” Apache Software Foundation, *crunch.apache.org*.
1. Craig Chambers, Ashish Raniwala, Frances Perry, et al.: “[FlumeJava: Easy, Efficient Data-Parallel Pipelines](https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/35650.pdf),” at *31st ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation* (PLDI), June 2010. [doi:10.1145/1806596.1806638](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1806596.1806638)
1. Jay Kreps: “[Why Local State is a Fundamental Primitive in Stream Processing](https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/why-local-state-is-a-fundamental-primitive-in-stream-processing),” *oreilly.com*, July 31, 2014.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Rethinking Caching in Web Apps](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/10/01/rethinking-caching-in-web-apps.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, October 1, 2012.
1. Mark Grover, Ted Malaska, Jonathan Seidman, and Gwen Shapira: *[Hadoop Application Architectures](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033196.do)*. O'Reilly Media, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-491-90004-8
1. Philippe Ajoux, Nathan Bronson, Sanjeev Kumar, et al.: “[Challenges to Adopting Stronger Consistency at Scale](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotos15/hotos15-paper-ajoux.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. Sriranjan Manjunath: “[Skewed Join](https://wiki.apache.org/pig/PigSkewedJoinSpec),” *wiki.apache.org*, 2009.
1. David J. DeWitt, Jeffrey F. Naughton, Donovan A.Schneider, and S. Seshadri: “[Practical Skew Handling in Parallel Joins](http://www.vldb.org/conf/1992/P027.PDF),” at *18th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), August 1992.
1. Marcel Kornacker, Alexander Behm, Victor Bittorf, et al.: “[Impala: A Modern, Open-Source SQL Engine for Hadoop](http://pandis.net/resources/cidr15impala.pdf),” at *7th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2015.
1. Matthieu Monsch: “[Open-Sourcing PalDB, a Lightweight Companion for Storing Side Data](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2015/10/open-sourcing-paldb--a-lightweight-companion-for-storing-side-da),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, October 26, 2015.
1. Daniel Peng and Frank Dabek: “[Large-Scale Incremental Processing Using Distributed Transactions and Notifications](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Peng.pdf),” at *9th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2010.
1. “["Cloudera Search User Guide,"](http://www.cloudera.com/documentation/cdh/5-1-x/Search/Cloudera-Search-User-Guide/Cloudera-Search-User-Guide.html) Cloudera, Inc., September 2015.
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## 参考文献
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@ -754,20 +754,20 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基于类似的想法来处理状态【78】。依赖幂等性
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@ -782,15 +782,15 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基于类似的想法来处理状态【78】。依赖幂等性
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@ -798,13 +798,13 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基于类似的想法来处理状态【78】。依赖幂等性
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@ -814,9 +814,9 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基于类似的想法来处理状态【78】。依赖幂等性
1. Matei Zaharia, Tathagata Das, Haoyuan Li, et al.: “[Discretized Streams: An Efficient and Fault-Tolerant Model for Stream Processing on Large Clusters](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotcloud12/hotcloud12-final28.pdf),” at *4th USENIX Conference in Hot Topics in Cloud Computing* (HotCloud), June 2012.
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1. Jason Gustafson, Flavio Junqueira, Apurva Mehta, Sriram Subramanian, and Guozhang Wang: “[KIP-98 Exactly Once Delivery and Transactional Messaging](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/KAFKA/KIP-98+-+Exactly+Once+Delivery+and+Transactional+Messaging),” *cwiki.apache.org*, November 2016.
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1. Jay Kreps: “[Re: Trying to Achieve Deterministic Behavior on Recovery/Rewind](http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/samza-dev/201409.mbox/%3CCAOeJiJg%2Bc7Ei%3DgzCuOz30DD3G5Hm9yFY%3DUJ6SafdNUFbvRgorg%40mail.gmail.com%3E),” email to *samza-dev* mailing list, September 9, 2014.
1. E. N. (Mootaz) Elnozahy, Lorenzo Alvisi, Yi-Min Wang, and David B. Johnson: “[A Survey of Rollback-Recovery Protocols in Message-Passing Systems](http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~lorenzo/papers/SurveyFinal.pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, volume 34, number 3, pages 375408, September 2002. [doi:10.1145/568522.568525](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/568522.568525)

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@ -888,120 +888,120 @@ ACID 意义下的一致性(请参阅 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
## 参考文献
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1. Bill Davidow: “[Welcome to Algorithmic Prison](http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/welcome-to-algorithmic-prison/283985/),” *theatlantic.com*, February 20, 2014.
1. Don Peck: “[They're Watching You at Work](http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/theyre-watching-you-at-work/354681/),” *theatlantic.com*, December 2013.
1. Leigh Alexander: “[Is an Algorithm Any Less Racist Than a Human?](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/03/algorithm-racist-human-employers-work)” *theguardian.com*, August 3, 2016.
1. Jesse Emspak: “[How a Machine Learns Prejudice](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-a-machine-learns-prejudice/),” *scientificamerican.com*, December 29, 2016.
1. Maciej Cegłowski: “[The Moral Economy of Tech](http://idlewords.com/talks/sase_panel.htm),” *idlewords.com*, June 2016.
1. Cathy O'Neil: *[Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy](https://weaponsofmathdestructionbook.com/)*. Crown Publishing, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-553-41881-1
1. Julia Angwin: “[Make Algorithms Accountable](http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/01/opinion/make-algorithms-accountable.html),” *nytimes.com*, August 1, 2016.
1. Bryce Goodman and Seth Flaxman: “[European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a Right to Explanation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08813),” *arXiv:1606.08813*, August 31, 2016.
1. “[A Review of the Data Broker Industry: Collection, Use, and Sale of Consumer Data for Marketing Purposes](https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/reports?ID=57C428EC-8F20-44EE-BFB8-A570E9BE0CCC),” Staff Report, *United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation*, *commerce.senate.gov*, December 2013.
1. Olivia Solon: “[Facebooks Failure: Did Fake News and Polarized Politics Get Trump Elected?](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/10/facebook-fake-news-election-conspiracy-theories)” *theguardian.com*, November 10, 2016.
1. Donella H. Meadows and Diana Wright: *Thinking in Systems: A Primer*. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008. ISBN: 978-1-603-58055-7
1. Daniel J. Bernstein: “[Listening to a big data/data science talk](https://twitter.com/hashbreaker/status/598076230437568512),” *twitter.com*, May 12, 2015.
1. Marc Andreessen: “[Why Software Is Eating the World](http://genius.com/Marc-andreessen-why-software-is-eating-the-world-annotated),” *The Wall Street Journal*, 20 August 2011.
1. J. M. Porup: “[Internet of Things Security Is Hilariously Broken and Getting Worse](http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/01/how-to-search-the-internet-of-things-for-photos-of-sleeping-babies/),” *arstechnica.com*, January 23, 2016.
1. Bruce Schneier: *[Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World](https://www.schneier.com/books/data_and_goliath/)*. W. W. Norton, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-393-35217-7
1. The Grugq: “[Nothing to Hide](https://grugq.tumblr.com/post/142799983558/nothing-to-hide),” *grugq.tumblr.com*, April 15, 2016.
1. Tony Beltramelli: “[Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05616),” Masters Thesis, IT University of Copenhagen, December 2015. Available at *arxiv.org/abs/1512.05616*
1. Shoshana Zuboff: “[Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization](http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2594754),” *Journal of Information Technology*, volume 30, number 1, pages 7589, April 2015.[doi:10.1057/jit.2015.5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5)
1. Carina C. Zona: “[Consequences of an Insightful Algorithm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRI40A4tyWU),” at *GOTO Berlin*, November 2016.
1. Bruce Schneier: “[Data Is a Toxic Asset, So Why Not Throw It Out?](https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/03/data_is_a_toxic_asse.html),” *schneier.com*, March 1, 2016.
1. John E. Dunn: “[The UKs 15 Most Infamous Data Breaches](http://www.techworld.com/security/uks-most-infamous-data-breaches-2016-3604586/),” *techworld.com*, November 18, 2016.
1. Cory Scott: “[Data is not toxic - which implies no benefit - but rather hazardous material, where we must balance need vs. want](https://twitter.com/cory_scott/status/706586399483437056),” *twitter.com*, March 6, 2016.
1. Bruce Schneier: “[Mission Creep: When Everything Is Terrorism](https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2013/07/mission_creep_when_e.html),” *schneier.com*, July 16, 2013.
1. Lena Ulbricht and Maximilian von Grafenstein: “[Big Data: Big Power Shifts?](http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/big-data-big-power-shifts),” *Internet Policy Review*, volume 5, number 1, March 2016. [doi:10.14763/2016.1.406](http://dx.doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.406)
1. Ellen P. Goodman and Julia Powles: “[Facebook and Google: Most Powerful and Secretive Empires We've Ever Known](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/28/google-facebook-powerful-secretive-empire-transparency),” *theguardian.com*, September 28, 2016.
1. [Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31995L0046), Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 281/31, *eur-lex.europa.eu*, November 1995.
1. Brendan Van Alsenoy: “[Regulating Data Protection: The Allocation of Responsibility and Risk Among Actors Involved in Personal Data Processing](https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/545027),” Thesis, KU Leuven Centre for IT and IP Law, August 2016.
1. Michiel Rhoen: “[Beyond Consent: Improving Data Protection Through Consumer Protection Law](http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/beyond-consent-improving-data-protection-through-consumer-protection-law),” *Internet Policy Review*, volume 5, number 1, March 2016. [doi:10.14763/2016.1.404](http://dx.doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.404)
1. Jessica Leber: “[Your Data Footprint Is Affecting Your Life in Ways You Cant Even Imagine](https://www.fastcoexist.com/3057514/your-data-footprint-is-affecting-your-life-in-ways-you-cant-even-imagine),” *fastcoexist.com*, March 15, 2016.
1. Maciej Cegłowski: “[Haunted by Data](http://idlewords.com/talks/haunted_by_data.htm),” *idlewords.com*, October 2015.
1. Sam Thielman: “[You Are Not What You Read: Librarians Purge User Data to Protect Privacy](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/13/us-library-records-purged-data-privacy),” *theguardian.com*, January 13, 2016.
1. Conor Friedersdorf: “[Edward Snowdens Other Motive for Leaking](http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/05/edward-snowdens-other-motive-for-leaking/370068/),” *theatlantic.com*, May 13, 2014.
1. Phillip Rogaway: “[The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work](http://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/moral-fn.pdf),” Cryptology ePrint 2015/1162, December 2015.
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@ -932,55 +932,55 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳转,但是 Datalog 一次只进行一
## 参考文献
1. Edgar F. Codd: “[A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks](https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 13, number 6, pages 377387, June 1970. [doi:10.1145/362384.362685](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/362384.362685)
1. Michael Stonebraker and Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[What Goes Around Comes Around](http://mitpress2.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262693143chapm1.pdf),” in *Readings in Database Systems*, 4th edition, MIT Press, pages 241, 2005. ISBN: 978-0-262-69314-1
1. Pramod J. Sadalage and Martin Fowler: *NoSQL Distilled*. Addison-Wesley, August 2012. ISBN: 978-0-321-82662-6
1. Eric Evans: “[NoSQL: What's in a Name?](http://blog.sym-link.com/2009/10/30/nosql_whats_in_a_name.html),” *blog.sym-link.com*, October 30, 2009.
1. James Phillips: “[Surprises in Our NoSQL Adoption Survey](http://blog.couchbase.com/nosql-adoption-survey-surprises),” *blog.couchbase.com*, February 8, 2012.
1. Michael Wagner: *SQL/XML:2006 Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme*. Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-836-64609-3
1. “[XML Data in SQL Server](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb522446.aspx),” SQL Server 2012 documentation, *technet.microsoft.com*, 2013.
1. “[PostgreSQL 9.3.1 Documentation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, 2013.
1. “[The MongoDB 2.4 Manual](http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/),” MongoDB, Inc., 2013.
1. “[RethinkDB 1.11 Documentation](http://www.rethinkdb.com/docs/),” *rethinkdb.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache CouchDB 1.6 Documentation](http://docs.couchdb.org/en/latest/),” *docs.couchdb.org*, 2014.
1. Lin Qiao, Kapil Surlaker, Shirshanka Das, et al.: “[On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIns Distributed Data Serving Platform](http://www.slideshare.net/amywtang/espresso-20952131),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2013.
1. Rick Long, Mark Harrington, Robert Hain, and Geoff Nicholls: <a href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg245352.pdf">*IMS Primer*</a>. IBM Redbook SG24-5352-00, IBM International Technical Support Organization, January 2000.
1. Stephen D. Bartlett: “[IBMs IMS—Myths, Realities, and Opportunities](ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/ims/pdf/TCG2013015LI.pdf),” The Clipper Group Navigator, TCG2013015LI, July 2013.
1. Sarah Mei: “[Why You Should Never Use MongoDB](http://www.sarahmei.com/blog/2013/11/11/why-you-should-never-use-mongodb/),” *sarahmei.com*, November 11, 2013.
1. J. S. Knowles and D. M. R. Bell: “The CODASYL Model,” in *Databases—Role and Structure: An Advanced Course*, edited by P. M. Stocker, P. M. D. Gray, and M. P. Atkinson, pages 1956, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN: 978-0-521-25430-4
1. Charles W. Bachman: “[The Programmer as Navigator](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362534),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 16, number 11, pages 653658, November 1973. [doi:10.1145/355611.362534](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/355611.362534)
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Sandeep Parikh and Kelly Stirman: “[Schema Design for Time Series Data in MongoDB](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/65517193370/schema-design-for-time-series-data-in-mongodb),” *blog.mongodb.org*, October 30, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler: “[Schemaless Data Structures](http://martinfowler.com/articles/schemaless/),” *martinfowler.com*, January 7, 2013.
1. Amr Awadallah: “[Schema-on-Read vs. Schema-on-Write](http://www.slideshare.net/awadallah/schemaonread-vs-schemaonwrite),” at *Berkeley EECS RAD Lab Retreat*, Santa Cruz, CA, May 2009.
1. Martin Odersky: “[The Trouble with Types](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/data-types-issues),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2013.
1. Conrad Irwin: “[MongoDB—Confessions of a PostgreSQL Lover](https://speakerdeck.com/conradirwin/mongodb-confessions-of-a-postgresql-lover),” at *HTML5DevConf*, October 2013.
1. “[Percona Toolkit Documentation: pt-online-schema-change](http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.2/pt-online-schema-change.html),” Percona Ireland Ltd., 2013.
1. Rany Keddo, Tobias Bielohlawek, and Tobias Schmidt: “[Large Hadron Migrator](https://github.com/soundcloud/lhm),” SoundCloud, 2013.
1. Shlomi Noach: “[gh-ost: GitHub's Online Schema Migration Tool for MySQL](http://githubengineering.com/gh-ost-github-s-online-migration-tool-for-mysql/),” *githubengineering.com*, August 1, 2016.
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Reduce I/O with Oracle Cluster Tables](http://www.dba-oracle.com/oracle_tip_hash_index_cluster_table.htm),” *dba-oracle.com*.
1. Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, et al.: “[Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data](http://research.google.com/archive/bigtable.html),” at *7th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), November 2006.
1. Bobbie J. Cochrane and Kathy A. McKnight: “[DB2 JSON Capabilities, Part 1: Introduction to DB2 JSON](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-1306nosqlforjson1/),” IBM developerWorks, June 20, 2013.
1. Herb Sutter: “[The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software](http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm),” *Dr. Dobb's Journal*, volume 30, number 3, pages 202-210, March 2005.
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[The Declarative Imperative: Experiences and Conjectures in Distributed Logic](http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2010/EECS-2010-90.pdf),” Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Tech report UCB/EECS-2010-90, June 2010.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Craig Kerstiens: “[JavaScript in Your Postgres](https://blog.heroku.com/javascript_in_your_postgres),” *blog.heroku.com*, June 5, 2013.
1. Nathan Bronson, Zach Amsden, George Cabrera, et al.: “[TAO: Facebooks Distributed Data Store for the Social Graph](https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc13/technical-sessions/presentation/bronson),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (USENIX ATC), June 2013.
1. “[Apache TinkerPop3.2.3 Documentation](http://tinkerpop.apache.org/docs/3.2.3/reference/),” *tinkerpop.apache.org*, October 2016.
1. “[The Neo4j Manual v2.0.0](http://docs.neo4j.org/chunked/2.0.0/index.html),” Neo Technology, 2013.
1. Emil Eifrem: [Twitter correspondence](https://twitter.com/emileifrem/status/419107961512804352), January 3, 2014.
1. David Beckett and Tim Berners-Lee: “[Turtle Terse RDF Triple Language](http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/),” W3C Team Submission, March 28, 2011.
1. “[Datomic Development Resources](http://docs.datomic.com/),” Metadata Partners, LLC, 2013.
1. W3C RDF Working Group: “[Resource Description Framework (RDF)](http://www.w3.org/RDF/),” *w3.org*, 10 February 2004.
1. “[Apache Jena](http://jena.apache.org/),” Apache Software Foundation.
1. Steve Harris, Andy Seaborne, and Eric Prud'hommeaux: “[SPARQL 1.1 Query Language](http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/),” W3C Recommendation, March 2013.
1. Todd J. Green, Shan Shan Huang, Boon Thau Loo, and Wenchao Zhou: “[Datalog and Recursive Query Processing](http://blogs.evergreen.edu/sosw/files/2014/04/Green-Vol5-DBS-017.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 2, pages 105195, November 2013. [doi:10.1561/1900000017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000017)
1. Stefano Ceri, Georg Gottlob, and Letizia Tanca: “[What You Always Wanted to Know About Datalog (And Never Dared to Ask)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Letizia_Tanca/publication/3296132_What_you_always_wanted_to_know_about_Datalog_and_never_dared_to_ask/links/0fcfd50ca2d20473ca000000.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering*, volume 1, number 1, pages 146166, March 1989. [doi:10.1109/69.43410](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/69.43410)
1. Serge Abiteboul, Richard Hull, and Victor Vianu: <a href="http://webdam.inria.fr/Alice/">*Foundations of Databases*</a>. Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-53771-0, available online at *webdam.inria.fr/Alice*
1. Nathan Marz: “[Cascalog](http://cascalog.org/),” *cascalog.org*.
1. Dennis A. Benson, Ilene Karsch-Mizrachi, David J. Lipman, et al.: “[GenBank](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/suppl_1/D25.full-text-lowres.pdf),” *Nucleic Acids Research*, volume 36, Database issue, pages D25D30, December 2007. [doi:10.1093/nar/gkm929](http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm929)
1. Fons Rademakers: “[ROOT for Big Data Analysis](http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=13&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=246453),” at *Workshop on the Future of Big Data Management*, London, UK, June 2013.
1. Edgar F. Codd: “[A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks](https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 13, number 6, pages 377387, June 1970. [doi:10.1145/362384.362685](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/362384.362685)
1. Michael Stonebraker and Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[What Goes Around Comes Around](http://mitpress2.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262693143chapm1.pdf),” in *Readings in Database Systems*, 4th edition, MIT Press, pages 241, 2005. ISBN: 978-0-262-69314-1
1. Pramod J. Sadalage and Martin Fowler: *NoSQL Distilled*. Addison-Wesley, August 2012. ISBN: 978-0-321-82662-6
1. Eric Evans: “[NoSQL: What's in a Name?](http://blog.sym-link.com/2009/10/30/nosql_whats_in_a_name.html),” *blog.sym-link.com*, October 30, 2009.
1. James Phillips: “[Surprises in Our NoSQL Adoption Survey](http://blog.couchbase.com/nosql-adoption-survey-surprises),” *blog.couchbase.com*, February 8, 2012.
1. Michael Wagner: *SQL/XML:2006 Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme*. Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-836-64609-3
1. “[XML Data in SQL Server](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb522446.aspx),” SQL Server 2012 documentation, *technet.microsoft.com*, 2013.
1. “[PostgreSQL 9.3.1 Documentation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, 2013.
1. “[The MongoDB 2.4 Manual](http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/),” MongoDB, Inc., 2013.
1. “[RethinkDB 1.11 Documentation](http://www.rethinkdb.com/docs/),” *rethinkdb.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache CouchDB 1.6 Documentation](http://docs.couchdb.org/en/latest/),” *docs.couchdb.org*, 2014.
1. Lin Qiao, Kapil Surlaker, Shirshanka Das, et al.: “[On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIns Distributed Data Serving Platform](http://www.slideshare.net/amywtang/espresso-20952131),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2013.
1. Rick Long, Mark Harrington, Robert Hain, and Geoff Nicholls: *[IMS Primer](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg245352.pdf)*. IBM Redbook SG24-5352-00, IBM International Technical Support Organization, January 2000.
1. Stephen D. Bartlett: “[IBMs IMS—Myths, Realities, and Opportunities](ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/ims/pdf/TCG2013015LI.pdf),” The Clipper Group Navigator, TCG2013015LI, July 2013.
1. Sarah Mei: “[Why You Should Never Use MongoDB](http://www.sarahmei.com/blog/2013/11/11/why-you-should-never-use-mongodb/),” *sarahmei.com*, November 11, 2013.
1. J. S. Knowles and D. M. R. Bell: “The CODASYL Model,” in *Databases—Role and Structure: An Advanced Course*, edited by P. M. Stocker, P. M. D. Gray, and M. P. Atkinson, pages 1956, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN: 978-0-521-25430-4
1. Charles W. Bachman: “[The Programmer as Navigator](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362534),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 16, number 11, pages 653658, November 1973. [doi:10.1145/355611.362534](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/355611.362534)
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Sandeep Parikh and Kelly Stirman: “[Schema Design for Time Series Data in MongoDB](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/65517193370/schema-design-for-time-series-data-in-mongodb),” *blog.mongodb.org*, October 30, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler: “[Schemaless Data Structures](http://martinfowler.com/articles/schemaless/),” *martinfowler.com*, January 7, 2013.
1. Amr Awadallah: “[Schema-on-Read vs. Schema-on-Write](http://www.slideshare.net/awadallah/schemaonread-vs-schemaonwrite),” at *Berkeley EECS RAD Lab Retreat*, Santa Cruz, CA, May 2009.
1. Martin Odersky: “[The Trouble with Types](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/data-types-issues),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2013.
1. Conrad Irwin: “[MongoDB—Confessions of a PostgreSQL Lover](https://speakerdeck.com/conradirwin/mongodb-confessions-of-a-postgresql-lover),” at *HTML5DevConf*, October 2013.
1. “[Percona Toolkit Documentation: pt-online-schema-change](http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.2/pt-online-schema-change.html),” Percona Ireland Ltd., 2013.
1. Rany Keddo, Tobias Bielohlawek, and Tobias Schmidt: “[Large Hadron Migrator](https://github.com/soundcloud/lhm),” SoundCloud, 2013.
1. Shlomi Noach: “[gh-ost: GitHub's Online Schema Migration Tool for MySQL](http://githubengineering.com/gh-ost-github-s-online-migration-tool-for-mysql/),” *githubengineering.com*, August 1, 2016.
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Reduce I/O with Oracle Cluster Tables](http://www.dba-oracle.com/oracle_tip_hash_index_cluster_table.htm),” *dba-oracle.com*.
1. Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, et al.: “[Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data](http://research.google.com/archive/bigtable.html),” at *7th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), November 2006.
1. Bobbie J. Cochrane and Kathy A. McKnight: “[DB2 JSON Capabilities, Part 1: Introduction to DB2 JSON](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-1306nosqlforjson1/),” IBM developerWorks, June 20, 2013.
1. Herb Sutter: “[The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software](http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm),” *Dr. Dobb's Journal*, volume 30, number 3, pages 202-210, March 2005.
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[The Declarative Imperative: Experiences and Conjectures in Distributed Logic](http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2010/EECS-2010-90.pdf),” Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Tech report UCB/EECS-2010-90, June 2010.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Craig Kerstiens: “[JavaScript in Your Postgres](https://blog.heroku.com/javascript_in_your_postgres),” *blog.heroku.com*, June 5, 2013.
1. Nathan Bronson, Zach Amsden, George Cabrera, et al.: “[TAO: Facebooks Distributed Data Store for the Social Graph](https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc13/technical-sessions/presentation/bronson),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (USENIX ATC), June 2013.
1. “[Apache TinkerPop3.2.3 Documentation](http://tinkerpop.apache.org/docs/3.2.3/reference/),” *tinkerpop.apache.org*, October 2016.
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## 参考文献
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1. Andrew Lamb, Matt Fuller, Ramakrishna Varadarajan, et al.: “[The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later](http://vldb.org/pvldb/vol5/p1790_andrewlamb_vldb2012.pdf),” *Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment*, volume 5, number 12, pages 17901801, August 2012.
1. Julien Le Dem and Nong Li: “[Efficient Data Storage for Analytics with Apache Parquet 2.0](http://www.slideshare.net/julienledem/th-210pledem),” at *Hadoop Summit*, San Jose, June 2014.
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1. Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft, and Jeffrey D. Ullman: *Data Structures and Algorithms*. Addison-Wesley, 1983. ISBN: 978-0-201-00023-8
1. Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein: *Introduction to Algorithms*, 3rd edition. MIT Press, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-262-53305-8
1. Justin Sheehy and David Smith: “[Bitcask: A Log-Structured Hash Table for Fast Key/Value Data](http://basho.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/bitcask-intro.pdf),” Basho Technologies, April 2010.
1. Yinan Li, Bingsheng He, Robin Jun Yang, et al.: “[Tree Indexing on Solid State Drives](http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vldb2010/papers/R106.pdf),” *Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment*, volume 3, number 1, pages 11951206, September 2010.
1. Goetz Graefe: “[Modern B-Tree Techniques](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.219.7269&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 3, number 4, pages 203402, August 2011. [doi:10.1561/1900000028](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000028)
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[LevelDB Implementation Notes](https://github.com/google/leveldb/blob/master/doc/impl.md),” *leveldb.googlecode.com*.
1. Dhruba Borthakur: “[The History of RocksDB](http://rocksdb.blogspot.com/),” *rocksdb.blogspot.com*, November 24, 2013.
1. Matteo Bertozzi: “[Apache HBase I/O HFile](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2012/06/hbase-io-hfile-input-output/),” *blog.cloudera.com*, June, 29 2012.
1. Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, et al.: “[Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data](http://research.google.com/archive/bigtable.html),” at *7th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), November 2006.
1. Patrick O'Neil, Edward Cheng, Dieter Gawlick, and Elizabeth O'Neil: “[The Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM-Tree)](http://www.cs.umb.edu/~poneil/lsmtree.pdf),” *Acta Informatica*, volume 33, number 4, pages 351385, June 1996. [doi:10.1007/s002360050048](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002360050048)
1. Mendel Rosenblum and John K. Ousterhout: “[The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System](http://research.cs.wisc.edu/areas/os/Qual/papers/lfs.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 10, number 1, pages 2652, February 1992. [doi:10.1145/146941.146943](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/146941.146943)
1. Adrien Grand: “[What Is in a Lucene Index?](http://www.slideshare.net/lucenerevolution/what-is-inaluceneagrandfinal),” at *Lucene/Solr Revolution*, November 14, 2013.
1. Deepak Kandepet: “[Hacking Lucene—The Index Format]( http://hackerlabs.github.io/blog/2011/10/01/hacking-lucene-the-index-format/index.html),” *hackerlabs.org*, October 1, 2011.
1. Michael McCandless: “[Visualizing Lucene's Segment Merges](http://blog.mikemccandless.com/2011/02/visualizing-lucenes-segment-merges.html),” *blog.mikemccandless.com*, February 11, 2011.
1. Burton H. Bloom: “[Space/Time Trade-offs in Hash Coding with Allowable Errors](http://www.cs.upc.edu/~diaz/p422-bloom.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 13, number 7, pages 422426, July 1970. [doi:10.1145/362686.362692](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/362686.362692)
1. “[Operating Cassandra: Compaction](https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/operating/compaction.html),” Apache Cassandra Documentation v4.0, 2016.
1. Rudolf Bayer and Edward M. McCreight: “[Organization and Maintenance of Large Ordered Indices](http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0712079),” Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories, Mathematical and Information Sciences Laboratory, report no. 20, July 1970.
1. Douglas Comer: “[The Ubiquitous B-Tree](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.96.6637&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, volume 11, number 2, pages 121137, June 1979. [doi:10.1145/356770.356776](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/356770.356776)
1. Emmanuel Goossaert: “[Coding for SSDs](http://codecapsule.com/2014/02/12/coding-for-ssds-part-1-introduction-and-table-of-contents/),” *codecapsule.com*, February 12, 2014.
1. C. Mohan and Frank Levine: “[ARIES/IM: An Efficient and High Concurrency Index Management Method Using Write-Ahead Logging](http://www.ics.uci.edu/~cs223/papers/p371-mohan.pdf),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 1992. [doi:10.1145/130283.130338](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/130283.130338)
1. Howard Chu: “[LDAP at Lightning Speed]( https://buildstuff14.sched.com/event/08a1a368e272eb599a52e08b4c3c779d),” at *Build Stuff '14*, November 2014.
1. Bradley C. Kuszmaul: “[A Comparison of Fractal Trees to Log-Structured Merge (LSM) Trees](http://insideanalysis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Tokutek_lsm-vs-fractal.pdf),” *tokutek.com*, April 22, 2014.
1. Manos Athanassoulis, Michael S. Kester, Lukas M. Maas, et al.: “[Designing Access Methods: The RUM Conjecture](http://openproceedings.org/2016/conf/edbt/paper-12.pdf),” at *19th International Conference on Extending Database Technology* (EDBT), March 2016. [doi:10.5441/002/edbt.2016.42](http://dx.doi.org/10.5441/002/edbt.2016.42)
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## 参考文献
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1. “[CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data](http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/502.html),” Common Weakness Enumeration, *cwe.mitre.org*, July 30, 2014.
1. Steve Breen: “[What Do WebLogic, WebSphere, JBoss, Jenkins, OpenNMS, and Your Application Have in Common? This Vulnerability](http://foxglovesecurity.com/2015/11/06/what-do-weblogic-websphere-jboss-jenkins-opennms-and-your-application-have-in-common-this-vulnerability/),” *foxglovesecurity.com*, November 6, 2015.
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1. Roy Thomas Fielding: “[REST APIs Must Be Hypertext-Driven](http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven),” *roy.gbiv.com*, October 20 2008.
1. “[REST in Peace, SOAP](http://royal.pingdom.com/2010/10/15/rest-in-peace-soap/),” *royal.pingdom.com*, October 15, 2010.
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1. Jonas Bonér: “[Upgrade in an Akka Cluster](http://grokbase.com/t/gg/akka-user/138wd8j9e3/upgrade-in-an-akka-cluster),” email to *akka-user* mailing list, *grokbase.com*, August 28, 2013.
1. Philip A. Bernstein, Sergey Bykov, Alan Geller, et al.: “[Orleans: Distributed Virtual Actors for Programmability and Scalability](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/210931/Orleans-MSR-TR-2014-41.pdf),” Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2014-41, March 2014.
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1. David Mercer, Sean Hinde, Yinso Chen, and Richard A O'Keefe: “[beginner: Updating Data Structures](http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2007-October/030318.html),” email thread on *erlang-questions* mailing list, *erlang.com*, October 29, 2007.
1. Fred Hebert: “[Postscript: Maps](http://learnyousomeerlang.com/maps),” *learnyousomeerlang.com*, April 9, 2014.
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@ -768,67 +768,67 @@ LWW 实现了最终收敛的目标,但以 **持久性** 为代价:如果同
## 参考文献
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1. “[AlwaysOn Availability Groups](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh510230.aspx),” in *SQL Server Books Online*, Microsoft, 2012.
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1. Jun Rao: “[Intra-Cluster Replication for Apache Kafka](http://www.slideshare.net/junrao/kafka-replication-apachecon2013),” at *ApacheCon North America*, February 2013.
1. “[Highly Available Queues](https://www.rabbitmq.com/ha.html),” in *RabbitMQ Server Documentation*, Pivotal Software, Inc., 2014.
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1. Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider: “[Chain Replication for Supporting High Throughput and Availability](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi04/tech/full_papers/renesse/renesse.pdf),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Jeff Terrace and Michael J. Freedman: “[Object Storage on CRAQ: High-Throughput Chain Replication for Read-Mostly Workloads](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix09/tech/full_papers/terrace/terrace.pdf),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (ATC), June 2009.
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1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),” arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
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1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
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1. Bruce G. Lindsay, Patricia Griffiths Selinger, C. Galtieri, et al.: “[Notes on Distributed Databases](http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/A776EC17FC2FCE73852579F100578964/$File/RJ2571.pdf),” IBM Research, Research Report RJ2571(33471), July 1979.
1. “[Oracle Active Data Guard Real-Time Data Protection and Availability](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/availability/active-data-guard-wp-12c-1896127.pdf),” Oracle White Paper, June 2013.
1. “[AlwaysOn Availability Groups](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh510230.aspx),” in *SQL Server Books Online*, Microsoft, 2012.
1. Lin Qiao, Kapil Surlaker, Shirshanka Das, et al.: “[On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIns Distributed Data Serving Platform](http://www.slideshare.net/amywtang/espresso-20952131),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2013.
1. Jun Rao: “[Intra-Cluster Replication for Apache Kafka](http://www.slideshare.net/junrao/kafka-replication-apachecon2013),” at *ApacheCon North America*, February 2013.
1. “[Highly Available Queues](https://www.rabbitmq.com/ha.html),” in *RabbitMQ Server Documentation*, Pivotal Software, Inc., 2014.
1. Yoshinori Matsunobu: “[Semi-Synchronous Replication at Facebook](http://yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/semi-synchronous-replication-at-facebook.html),” *yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.co.uk*, April 1, 2014.
1. Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider: “[Chain Replication for Supporting High Throughput and Availability](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi04/tech/full_papers/renesse/renesse.pdf),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Jeff Terrace and Michael J. Freedman: “[Object Storage on CRAQ: High-Throughput Chain Replication for Read-Mostly Workloads](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix09/tech/full_papers/terrace/terrace.pdf),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (ATC), June 2009.
1. Brad Calder, Ju Wang, Aaron Ogus, et al.: “[Windows Azure Storage: A Highly Available Cloud Storage Service with Strong Consistency](http://sigops.org/sosp/sosp11/current/2011-Cascais/printable/11-calder.pdf),” at *23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2011.
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1. Mark Imbriaco: “[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),” *github.com*, December 26, 2012.
1. John Hugg: “[All in with Determinism for Performance and Testing in Distributed Systems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJRj3vJL4wE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2015.
1. Amit Kapila: “[WAL Internals of PostgreSQL](http://www.pgcon.org/2012/schedule/attachments/258_212_Internals%20Of%20PostgreSQL%20Wal.pdf),” at *PostgreSQL Conference* (PGCon), May 2012.
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1. Yogeshwer Sharma, Philippe Ajoux, Petchean Ang, et al.: “[Wormhole: Reliable Pub-Sub to Support Geo-Replicated Internet Services](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-sharma.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
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1. Shirshanka Das, Chavdar Botev, Kapil Surlaker, et al.: “[All Aboard the Databus!](http://www.socc2012.org/s18-das.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012.
1. Greg Sabino Mullane: “[Version 5 of Bucardo Database Replication System](http://blog.endpoint.com/2014/06/bucardo-5-multimaster-postgres-released.html),” *blog.endpoint.com*, June 23, 2014.
1. Werner Vogels: “[Eventually Consistent](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1466448),” *ACM Queue*, volume 6, number 6, pages 1419, October 2008. [doi:10.1145/1466443.1466448](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1466443.1466448)
1. Douglas B. Terry: “[Replicated Data Consistency Explained Through Baseball](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/157411/ConsistencyAndBaseballReport.pdf),” Microsoft Research, Technical Report MSR-TR-2011-137, October 2011.
1. Douglas B. Terry, Alan J. Demers, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Session Guarantees for Weakly Consistent Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.71.2269&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *3rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Information Systems* (PDIS), September 1994. [doi:10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722)
1. Terry Pratchett: *Reaper Man: A Discworld Novel*. Victor Gollancz, 1991. ISBN: 978-0-575-04979-6
1. “[Tungsten Replicator](http://tungsten-replicator.org/),” Continuent, Inc., 2014.
1. “[BDR 0.10.0 Documentation](http://bdr-project.org/docs/next/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, *bdr-project.org*, 2015.
1. Robert Hodges: “[If You *Must* Deploy Multi-Master Replication, Read This First](http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/if-you-must-deploy-multi-master.html),” *scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk*, March 30, 2012.
1. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater: *CouchDB: The Definitive Guide*. O'Reilly Media, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-596-15589-6
1. AppJet, Inc.: “[Etherpad and EasySync Technical Manual](https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/blob/e2ce9dc/doc/easysync/easysync-full-description.pdf),” *github.com*, March 26, 2011.
1. John Day-Richter: “[Whats Different About the New Google Docs: Making Collaboration Fast](http://googledrive.blogspot.com/2010/09/whats-different-about-new-google-docs.html),” *googledrive.blogspot.com*, 23 September 2010.
1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),” arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
1. Frazer Clement: “[Eventual Consistency Detecting Conflicts](http://messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/eventual-consistency-detecting.html),” *messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk*, October 20, 2011.
1. Robert Hodges: “[State of the Art for MySQL Multi-Master Replication](https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sessions/state-art-mysql-multi-master-replication),” at *Percona Live: MySQL Conference & Expo*, April 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Riley Berton: “[Is Bi-Directional Replication (BDR) in Postgres Transactional?](http://sdf.org/~riley/blog/2016/01/04/is-bi-directional-replication-bdr-in-postgres-transactional/),” *sdf.org*, January 4, 2016.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski: “[A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types](http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/),” INRIA Research Report no. 7506, January 2011.
1. Sam Elliott: “[CRDTs: An UPDATE (or Maybe Just a PUT)](https://speakerdeck.com/lenary/crdts-an-update-or-just-a-put),” at *RICON West*, October 2013.
1. Russell Brown: “[A Bluffers Guide to CRDTs in Riak](https://gist.github.com/russelldb/f92f44bdfb619e089a4d),” *gist.github.com*, October 28, 2013.
1. Benjamin Farinier, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy: “[Mergeable Persistent Data Structures](http://gazagnaire.org/pub/FGM15.pdf),” at *26es Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs* (JFLA), January 2015.
1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
1. Lars Hofhansl: “[HBASE-7709: Infinite Loop Possible in Master/Master Replication](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-7709),” *issues.apache.org*, January 29, 2013.
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.7698),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Modern Hinted Handoff](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/modern-hinted-handoff),” *datastax.com*, December 11, 2012.
1. “[Project Voldemort Wiki](https://github.com/voldemort/voldemort/wiki),” *github.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache Cassandra 2.0 Documentation](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cassandra/2.0/index.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](http://basho.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)
--------

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## 参考文献
1. David J. DeWitt and Jim N. Gray: “[Parallel Database Systems: The Future of High Performance Database Systems](),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 35, number 6, pages 8598, June 1992. [doi:10.1145/129888.129894](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/129888.129894)
1. Lars George: “[HBase vs. BigTable Comparison](http://www.larsgeorge.com/2009/11/hbase-vs-bigtable-comparison.html),” *larsgeorge.com*, November 2009.
1. “[The Apache HBase Reference Guide](https://hbase.apache.org/book/book.html),” Apache Software Foundation, *hbase.apache.org*, 2014.
1. MongoDB, Inc.: “[New Hash-Based Sharding Feature in MongoDB 2.4](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/47633823714/new-hash-based-sharding-feature-in-mongodb-24),” *blog.mongodb.org*, April 10, 2013.
1. Ikai Lan: “[App Engine Datastore Tip: Monotonically Increasing Values Are Bad](http://ikaisays.com/2011/01/25/app-engine-datastore-tip-monotonically-increasing-values-are-bad/),” *ikaisays.com*, January 25, 2011.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Java's hashCode Is Not Safe for Distributed Systems](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/06/18/java-hashcode-unsafe-for-distributed-systems.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, June 18, 2012.
1. David Karger, Eric Lehman, Tom Leighton, et al.: “[Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web](http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdf),” at *29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing* (STOC), pages 654663, 1997. [doi:10.1145/258533.258660](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258533.258660)
1. John Lamping and Eric Veach: “[A Fast, Minimal Memory, Consistent Hash Algorithm](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2294v1.pdf),” *arxiv.org*, June 2014.
1. Eric Redmond: “[A Little Riak Book](http://littleriakbook.com/),” Version 1.4.0, Basho Technologies, September 2013.
1. “[Couchbase 2.5 Administrator Guide](http://docs.couchbase.com/couchbase-manual-2.5/cb-admin/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
1. “[Introduction to Cassandra Query Language](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cql/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](http://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
1. “[Riak 1.4.8 Docs](http://docs.basho.com/riak/1.4.8/),” Basho Technologies, Inc., 2014.
1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.
1. “[Apache Solr Reference Guide](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/solr/Apache+Solr+Reference+Guide),” Apache Software Foundation, 2014.
1. Andrew Pavlo: “[H-Store Frequently Asked Questions](http://hstore.cs.brown.edu/documentation/faq/),” *hstore.cs.brown.edu*, October 2013.
1. “[Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/),” Amazon Web Services, Inc., 2014.
1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Object Partitioning in Oracle](http://www.dba-oracle.com/art_partit.htm),”*dba-oracle.com*, November 8, 2000.
1. Eric Evans: “[Rethinking Topology in Cassandra](http://www.slideshare.net/jericevans/virtual-nodes-rethinking-topology-in-cassandra),” at *ApacheCon Europe*, November 2012.
1. Rafał Kuć: “[Reroute API Explained](http://elasticsearchserverbook.com/reroute-api-explained/),” *elasticsearchserverbook.com*, September 30, 2013.
1. “[Project Voldemort Documentation](http://www.project-voldemort.com/voldemort/),” *project-voldemort.com*.
1. Enis Soztutar: “[Apache HBase Region Splitting and Merging](http://hortonworks.com/blog/apache-hbase-region-splitting-and-merging/),” *hortonworks.com*, February 1, 2013.
1. Brandon Williams: “[Virtual Nodes in Cassandra 1.2](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/virtual-nodes-in-cassandra-1-2),” *datastax.com*, December 4, 2012.
1. Richard Jones: “[libketama: Consistent Hashing Library for Memcached Clients](https://www.metabrew.com/article/libketama-consistent-hashing-algo-memcached-clients),” *metabrew.com*, April 10, 2007.
1. Branimir Lambov: “[New Token Allocation Algorithm in Cassandra 3.0](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/token-allocation-algorithm),” *datastax.com*, January 28, 2016.
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
1. Kishore Gopalakrishna, Shi Lu, Zhen Zhang, et al.: “[Untangling Cluster Management with Helix](http://www.socc2012.org/helix_onecol.pdf?attredirects=0),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012. [doi:10.1145/2391229.2391248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2391229.2391248)
1. “[Moxi 1.8 Manual](http://docs.couchbase.com/moxi-manual-1.8/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
1. David J. DeWitt and Jim N. Gray: “[Parallel Database Systems: The Future of High Performance Database Systems](),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 35, number 6, pages 8598, June 1992. [doi:10.1145/129888.129894](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/129888.129894)
1. Lars George: “[HBase vs. BigTable Comparison](http://www.larsgeorge.com/2009/11/hbase-vs-bigtable-comparison.html),” *larsgeorge.com*, November 2009.
1. “[The Apache HBase Reference Guide](https://hbase.apache.org/book/book.html),” Apache Software Foundation, *hbase.apache.org*, 2014.
1. MongoDB, Inc.: “[New Hash-Based Sharding Feature in MongoDB 2.4](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/47633823714/new-hash-based-sharding-feature-in-mongodb-24),” *blog.mongodb.org*, April 10, 2013.
1. Ikai Lan: “[App Engine Datastore Tip: Monotonically Increasing Values Are Bad](http://ikaisays.com/2011/01/25/app-engine-datastore-tip-monotonically-increasing-values-are-bad/),” *ikaisays.com*, January 25, 2011.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Java's hashCode Is Not Safe for Distributed Systems](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/06/18/java-hashcode-unsafe-for-distributed-systems.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, June 18, 2012.
1. David Karger, Eric Lehman, Tom Leighton, et al.: “[Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web](http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdf),” at *29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing* (STOC), pages 654663, 1997. [doi:10.1145/258533.258660](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258533.258660)
1. John Lamping and Eric Veach: “[A Fast, Minimal Memory, Consistent Hash Algorithm](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2294v1.pdf),” *arxiv.org*, June 2014.
1. Eric Redmond: “[A Little Riak Book](http://littleriakbook.com/),” Version 1.4.0, Basho Technologies, September 2013.
1. “[Couchbase 2.5 Administrator Guide](http://docs.couchbase.com/couchbase-manual-2.5/cb-admin/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
1. “[Introduction to Cassandra Query Language](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cql/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](http://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
1. “[Riak 1.4.8 Docs](http://docs.basho.com/riak/1.4.8/),” Basho Technologies, Inc., 2014.
1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.
1. “[Apache Solr Reference Guide](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/solr/Apache+Solr+Reference+Guide),” Apache Software Foundation, 2014.
1. Andrew Pavlo: “[H-Store Frequently Asked Questions](http://hstore.cs.brown.edu/documentation/faq/),” *hstore.cs.brown.edu*, October 2013.
1. “[Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/),” Amazon Web Services, Inc., 2014.
1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Object Partitioning in Oracle](http://www.dba-oracle.com/art_partit.htm),”*dba-oracle.com*, November 8, 2000.
1. Eric Evans: “[Rethinking Topology in Cassandra](http://www.slideshare.net/jericevans/virtual-nodes-rethinking-topology-in-cassandra),” at *ApacheCon Europe*, November 2012.
1. Rafał Kuć: “[Reroute API Explained](http://elasticsearchserverbook.com/reroute-api-explained/),” *elasticsearchserverbook.com*, September 30, 2013.
1. “[Project Voldemort Documentation](http://www.project-voldemort.com/voldemort/),” *project-voldemort.com*.
1. Enis Soztutar: “[Apache HBase Region Splitting and Merging](http://hortonworks.com/blog/apache-hbase-region-splitting-and-merging/),” *hortonworks.com*, February 1, 2013.
1. Brandon Williams: “[Virtual Nodes in Cassandra 1.2](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/virtual-nodes-in-cassandra-1-2),” *datastax.com*, December 4, 2012.
1. Richard Jones: “[libketama: Consistent Hashing Library for Memcached Clients](https://www.metabrew.com/article/libketama-consistent-hashing-algo-memcached-clients),” *metabrew.com*, April 10, 2007.
1. Branimir Lambov: “[New Token Allocation Algorithm in Cassandra 3.0](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/token-allocation-algorithm),” *datastax.com*, January 28, 2016.
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
1. Kishore Gopalakrishna, Shi Lu, Zhen Zhang, et al.: “[Untangling Cluster Management with Helix](http://www.socc2012.org/helix_onecol.pdf?attredirects=0),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012. [doi:10.1145/2391229.2391248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2391229.2391248)
1. “[Moxi 1.8 Manual](http://docs.couchbase.com/moxi-manual-1.8/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
------

22
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@ -889,14 +889,14 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
1. Armando Fox, Steven D. Gribble, Yatin Chawathe, et al.: “[Cluster-Based Scalable Network Services](http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262b/TACC.pdf),” at *16th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 1997.
1. Philip A. Bernstein, Vassos Hadzilacos, and Nathan Goodman: [*Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems*](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/philbe/ccontrol.aspx). Addison-Wesley, 1987. ISBN: 978-0-201-10715-9, available online at *research.microsoft.com*.
1. Alan Fekete, Dimitrios Liarokapis, Elizabeth O'Neil, et al.: “[Making Snapshot Isolation Serializable](https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/infolab/Data/Courses/CS632/2009/Papers/p492-fekete.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Database Systems*, volume 30, number 2, pages 492528, June 2005. [doi:10.1145/1071610.1071615](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1071610.1071615)
1. Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin, and Mark Lillibridge: “[Understanding the Robustness of SSDs Under Power Fault](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast13/fast13-final80.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies* (FAST), February 2013.
1. Laurie Denness: “[SSDs: A Gift and a Curse](https://laur.ie/blog/2015/06/ssds-a-gift-and-a-curse/),” *laur.ie*, June 2, 2015.
1. Adam Surak: “[When Solid State Drives Are Not That Solid](https://blog.algolia.com/when-solid-state-drives-are-not-that-solid/),” *blog.algolia.com*, June 15, 2015.
1. Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Vijay Chidambaram, Ramnatthan Alagappan, et al.: “[All File Systems Are Not Created Equal: On the Complexity of Crafting Crash-Consistent Applications](http://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/alice-osdi14.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2014.
1. Chris Siebenmann: “[Unix's File Durability Problem](https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/unix/FileSyncProblem),” *utcc.utoronto.ca*, April 14, 2016.
1. Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, et al.: “[An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack](http://research.cs.wisc.edu/adsl/Publications/corruption-fast08.pdf),” at *6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies* (FAST), February 2008.
1. Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, and Arif Merchant: “[Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected](https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast16/technical-sessions/presentation/schroeder),” at *14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies* (FAST), February 2016.
1. Don Allison: “[SSD Storage Ignorance of Technology Is No Excuse](https://blog.korelogic.com/blog/2015/03/24),” *blog.korelogic.com*, March 24, 2015.
1. Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin, and Mark Lillibridge: “[Understanding the Robustness of SSDs Under Power Fault](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast13/fast13-final80.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies* (FAST), February 2013.
1. Laurie Denness: “[SSDs: A Gift and a Curse](https://laur.ie/blog/2015/06/ssds-a-gift-and-a-curse/),” *laur.ie*, June 2, 2015.
1. Adam Surak: “[When Solid State Drives Are Not That Solid](https://blog.algolia.com/when-solid-state-drives-are-not-that-solid/),” *blog.algolia.com*, June 15, 2015.
1. Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Vijay Chidambaram, Ramnatthan Alagappan, et al.: “[All File Systems Are Not Created Equal: On the Complexity of Crafting Crash-Consistent Applications](http://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/alice-osdi14.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2014.
1. Chris Siebenmann: “[Unix's File Durability Problem](https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/unix/FileSyncProblem),” *utcc.utoronto.ca*, April 14, 2016.
1. Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, et al.: “[An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack](http://research.cs.wisc.edu/adsl/Publications/corruption-fast08.pdf),” at *6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies* (FAST), February 2008.
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1. Dave Scherer: “[Those Are Not Transactions (Cassandra 2.0)](http://web.archive.org/web/20150526065247/http://blog.foundationdb.com/those-are-not-transactions-cassandra-2-0),” *blog.foundationdb.com*, September 6, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](http://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. “[ACID Support in Aerospike](http://www.aerospike.com/docs/architecture/assets/AerospikeACIDSupport.pdf),” Aerospike, Inc., June 2014.
@ -919,9 +919,9 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. Michael J. Cahill, Uwe Röhm, and Alan Fekete: “[Serializable Isolation for Snapshot Databases](http://www.cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall12/CSCI-GA.2434-001/p729-cahill.pdf),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2008. [doi:10.1145/1376616.1376690](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1376616.1376690)
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1. Douglas B. Terry, Marvin M. Theimer, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Managing Update Conflicts in Bayou, a Weakly Connected Replicated Storage System](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.141.7889&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *15th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1995. [doi:10.1145/224056.224070](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/224056.224070)
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1. Michael Stonebraker, Samuel Madden, Daniel J. Abadi, et al.: “[The End of an Architectural Era (Its Time for a Complete Rewrite)](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.137.3697&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *33rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2007.
1. John Hugg: “[H-Store/VoltDB Architecture vs. CEP Systems and Newer Streaming Architectures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD5M4a1UVz8),” at *Data @Scale Boston*, November 2014.
1. Robert Kallman, Hideaki Kimura, Jonathan Natkins, et al.: “[H-Store: A High-Performance, Distributed Main Memory Transaction Processing System](http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/1/1454211.pdf),” *Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment*, volume 1, number 2, pages 14961499, August 2008.

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@ -655,101 +655,101 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
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[^译著1]: 原诗为Hey I just met you. The networks laggy. But heres my data. So store it maybe.Hey, 应改编自《Call Me Maybe》歌词I just met you, And this is crazy, But here's my number, So call me, maybe?

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@ -940,116 +940,116 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小伙伴们可以看作是成员资格服务membership se
## 参考文献
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1. Heidi Howard and Jon Crowcroft: “[Coracle: Evaluating Consensus at the Internet Edge](http://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/August/2829988-2790010.pdf),” at *Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015. [doi:10.1145/2829988.2790010](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2829988.2790010)
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@ -51,74 +51,39 @@ Later in the book, in [Part III](part-iii.md), we will look at patterns for syst
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@ -88,170 +88,86 @@ In the next chapter, we will turn to stream processing, in which the input is *u
## References
--------------------
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@ -69,203 +69,104 @@ Finally, we discussed techniques for achieving fault tolerance and exactly-once
## References
--------------------
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@ -42,240 +42,118 @@ Finally, we took a step back and examined some ethical aspects of building data-
As software and data are having such a large impact on the world, we engineers must remember that we carry a responsibility to work toward the kind of world that we want to live in: a world that treats people with humanity and respect. I hope that we can work together toward that goal.
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1. Phillip Rogaway: “[The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work](http://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/moral-fn.pdf),” Cryptology ePrint 2015/1162, December 2015.

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@ -60,104 +60,53 @@ We have to leave it there for now. In the next chapter we will discuss some of t
## References
--------------------
1. Edgar F. Codd: “[A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks](https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 13, number 6, pages 377387, June 1970. [doi:10.1145/362384.362685](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/362384.362685)
1. Michael Stonebraker and Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[What Goes Around Comes Around](http://mitpress2.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262693143chapm1.pdf),”
in *Readings in Database Systems*, 4th edition, MIT Press, pages 241, 2005. ISBN: 978-0-262-69314-1
1. Pramod J. Sadalage and Martin Fowler: *NoSQL Distilled*. Addison-Wesley, August 2012. ISBN:
978-0-321-82662-6
1. Eric Evans: “[NoSQL: What's in a Name?](http://blog.sym-link.com/2009/10/30/nosql_whats_in_a_name.html),” *blog.sym-link.com*, October 30, 2009.
1. James Phillips: “[Surprises in Our NoSQL Adoption Survey](http://blog.couchbase.com/nosql-adoption-survey-surprises),” *blog.couchbase.com*, February 8, 2012.
1. Michael Wagner: *SQL/XML:2006 Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme*. Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-836-64609-3
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1. Charles W. Bachman: “[The Programmer as Navigator](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362534),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 16, number 11, pages 653658, November 1973. [doi:10.1145/355611.362534](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/355611.362534)
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),”
*Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Sandeep Parikh and Kelly Stirman: “[Schema Design for Time Series Data in MongoDB](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/65517193370/schema-design-for-time-series-data-in-mongodb),” *blog.mongodb.org*, October 30, 2013.
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1. Martin Odersky: “[The Trouble with Types](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/data-types-issues),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2013.
1. Conrad Irwin: “[MongoDB—Confessions of a PostgreSQL Lover](https://speakerdeck.com/conradirwin/mongodb-confessions-of-a-postgresql-lover),” at *HTML5DevConf*, October 2013.
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1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI),
October 2012.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Reduce I/O with Oracle Cluster Tables](http://www.dba-oracle.com/oracle_tip_hash_index_cluster_table.htm),” *dba-oracle.com*.
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1. Bobbie J. Cochrane and Kathy A. McKnight: “[DB2 JSON Capabilities, Part 1: Introduction to DB2 JSON](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-1306nosqlforjson1/),” IBM developerWorks, June 20, 2013.
1. Herb Sutter: “[The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software](http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm),” *Dr. Dobb's Journal*, volume 30, number 3, pages 202-210, March 2005.
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[The Declarative Imperative: Experiences and Conjectures in Distributed Logic](http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2010/EECS-2010-90.pdf),” Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Tech report UCB/EECS-2010-90, June 2010.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Craig Kerstiens: “[JavaScript in Your Postgres](https://blog.heroku.com/javascript_in_your_postgres),” *blog.heroku.com*, June 5, 2013.
1. Nathan Bronson, Zach Amsden, George Cabrera, et al.: “[TAO: Facebooks Distributed Data Store for the Social Graph](https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc13/technical-sessions/presentation/bronson),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (USENIX ATC), June 2013.
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1. David Beckett and Tim Berners-Lee: “[Turtle Terse RDF Triple Language](http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/),” W3C Team Submission, March 28, 2011.
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1. “[Apache Jena](http://jena.apache.org/),” Apache Software Foundation.
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W3C Recommendation, March 2013.
1. Todd J. Green, Shan Shan Huang, Boon Thau Loo, and Wenchao Zhou: “[Datalog and Recursive Query Processing](http://blogs.evergreen.edu/sosw/files/2014/04/Green-Vol5-DBS-017.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 2, pages 105195, November 2013. [doi:10.1561/1900000017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000017)
1. Stefano Ceri, Georg Gottlob, and Letizia Tanca: “[What You Always Wanted to Know About Datalog (And Never Dared to Ask)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Letizia_Tanca/publication/3296132_What_you_always_wanted_to_know_about_Datalog_and_never_dared_to_ask/links/0fcfd50ca2d20473ca000000.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering*, volume 1, number 1, pages 146166, March 1989. [doi:10.1109/69.43410](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/69.43410)
1. Serge Abiteboul, Richard Hull, and Victor Vianu: <a href="http://webdam.inria.fr/Alice/">*Foundations of Databases*</a>. Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-53771-0, available online at *webdam.inria.fr/Alice*
1. Nathan Marz: “[Cascalog](http://cascalog.org/)," *cascalog.org*. Dennis A. Benson, Ilene Karsch-Mizrachi, David J. Lipman, et al.:
“[GenBank](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/suppl_1/D25.full-text-lowres.pdf),” *Nucleic Acids Research*, volume 36, Database issue, pages D25D30, December 2007. [doi:10.1093/nar/gkm929](http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm929)
1. Fons Rademakers: “[ROOT for Big Data Analysis](http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=13&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=246453),” at *Workshop on the Future of Big Data Management*,
London, UK, June 2013.
1. Edgar F. Codd: “[A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks](https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 13, number 6, pages 377387, June 1970. [doi:10.1145/362384.362685](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/362384.362685)
1. Michael Stonebraker and Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[What Goes Around Comes Around](http://mitpress2.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262693143chapm1.pdf),” in *Readings in Database Systems*, 4th edition, MIT Press, pages 241, 2005. ISBN: 978-0-262-69314-1
1. Pramod J. Sadalage and Martin Fowler: *NoSQL Distilled*. Addison-Wesley, August 2012. ISBN: 978-0-321-82662-6
1. Eric Evans: “[NoSQL: What's in a Name?](http://blog.sym-link.com/2009/10/30/nosql_whats_in_a_name.html),” *blog.sym-link.com*, October 30, 2009.
1. James Phillips: “[Surprises in Our NoSQL Adoption Survey](http://blog.couchbase.com/nosql-adoption-survey-surprises),” *blog.couchbase.com*, February 8, 2012.
1. Michael Wagner: *SQL/XML:2006 Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme*. Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-836-64609-3
1. “[XML Data in SQL Server](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb522446.aspx),” SQL Server 2012 documentation, *technet.microsoft.com*, 2013.
1. “[PostgreSQL 9.3.1 Documentation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, 2013.
1. “[The MongoDB 2.4 Manual](http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/),” MongoDB, Inc., 2013.
1. “[RethinkDB 1.11 Documentation](http://www.rethinkdb.com/docs/),” *rethinkdb.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache CouchDB 1.6 Documentation](http://docs.couchdb.org/en/latest/),” *docs.couchdb.org*, 2014.
1. Lin Qiao, Kapil Surlaker, Shirshanka Das, et al.: “[On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIns Distributed Data Serving Platform](http://www.slideshare.net/amywtang/espresso-20952131),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2013.
1. Rick Long, Mark Harrington, Robert Hain, and Geoff Nicholls: *[IMS Primer](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg245352.pdf)*. IBM Redbook SG24-5352-00, IBM International Technical Support Organization, January 2000.
1. Stephen D. Bartlett: “[IBMs IMS—Myths, Realities, and Opportunities](ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/ims/pdf/TCG2013015LI.pdf),” The Clipper Group Navigator, TCG2013015LI, July 2013.
1. Sarah Mei: “[Why You Should Never Use MongoDB](http://www.sarahmei.com/blog/2013/11/11/why-you-should-never-use-mongodb/),” *sarahmei.com*, November 11, 2013.
1. J. S. Knowles and D. M. R. Bell: “The CODASYL Model,” in *Databases—Role and Structure: An Advanced Course*, edited by P. M. Stocker, P. M. D. Gray, and M. P. Atkinson, pages 1956, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN: 978-0-521-25430-4
1. Charles W. Bachman: “[The Programmer as Navigator](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362534),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 16, number 11, pages 653658, November 1973. [doi:10.1145/355611.362534](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/355611.362534)
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Sandeep Parikh and Kelly Stirman: “[Schema Design for Time Series Data in MongoDB](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/65517193370/schema-design-for-time-series-data-in-mongodb),” *blog.mongodb.org*, October 30, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler: “[Schemaless Data Structures](http://martinfowler.com/articles/schemaless/),” *martinfowler.com*, January 7, 2013.
1. Amr Awadallah: “[Schema-on-Read vs. Schema-on-Write](http://www.slideshare.net/awadallah/schemaonread-vs-schemaonwrite),” at *Berkeley EECS RAD Lab Retreat*, Santa Cruz, CA, May 2009.
1. Martin Odersky: “[The Trouble with Types](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/data-types-issues),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2013.
1. Conrad Irwin: “[MongoDB—Confessions of a PostgreSQL Lover](https://speakerdeck.com/conradirwin/mongodb-confessions-of-a-postgresql-lover),” at *HTML5DevConf*, October 2013.
1. “[Percona Toolkit Documentation: pt-online-schema-change](http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.2/pt-online-schema-change.html),” Percona Ireland Ltd., 2013.
1. Rany Keddo, Tobias Bielohlawek, and Tobias Schmidt: “[Large Hadron Migrator](https://github.com/soundcloud/lhm),” SoundCloud, 2013.
1. Shlomi Noach: “[gh-ost: GitHub's Online Schema Migration Tool for MySQL](http://githubengineering.com/gh-ost-github-s-online-migration-tool-for-mysql/),” *githubengineering.com*, August 1, 2016.
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Reduce I/O with Oracle Cluster Tables](http://www.dba-oracle.com/oracle_tip_hash_index_cluster_table.htm),” *dba-oracle.com*.
1. Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, et al.: “[Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data](http://research.google.com/archive/bigtable.html),” at *7th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), November 2006.
1. Bobbie J. Cochrane and Kathy A. McKnight: “[DB2 JSON Capabilities, Part 1: Introduction to DB2 JSON](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-1306nosqlforjson1/),” IBM developerWorks, June 20, 2013.
1. Herb Sutter: “[The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software](http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm),” *Dr. Dobb's Journal*, volume 30, number 3, pages 202-210, March 2005.
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[The Declarative Imperative: Experiences and Conjectures in Distributed Logic](http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2010/EECS-2010-90.pdf),” Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Tech report UCB/EECS-2010-90, June 2010.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Craig Kerstiens: “[JavaScript in Your Postgres](https://blog.heroku.com/javascript_in_your_postgres),” *blog.heroku.com*, June 5, 2013.
1. Nathan Bronson, Zach Amsden, George Cabrera, et al.: “[TAO: Facebooks Distributed Data Store for the Social Graph](https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc13/technical-sessions/presentation/bronson),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (USENIX ATC), June 2013.
1. “[Apache TinkerPop3.2.3 Documentation](http://tinkerpop.apache.org/docs/3.2.3/reference/),” *tinkerpop.apache.org*, October 2016.
1. “[The Neo4j Manual v2.0.0](http://docs.neo4j.org/chunked/2.0.0/index.html),” Neo Technology, 2013.
1. Emil Eifrem: [Twitter correspondence](https://twitter.com/emileifrem/status/419107961512804352), January 3, 2014.
1. David Beckett and Tim Berners-Lee: “[Turtle Terse RDF Triple Language](http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/),” W3C Team Submission, March 28, 2011.
1. “[Datomic Development Resources](http://docs.datomic.com/),” Metadata Partners, LLC, 2013.
1. W3C RDF Working Group: “[Resource Description Framework (RDF)](http://www.w3.org/RDF/),” *w3.org*, 10 February 2004.
1. “[Apache Jena](http://jena.apache.org/),” Apache Software Foundation.
1. Steve Harris, Andy Seaborne, and Eric Prud'hommeaux: “[SPARQL 1.1 Query Language](http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/),” W3C Recommendation, March 2013.
1. Todd J. Green, Shan Shan Huang, Boon Thau Loo, and Wenchao Zhou: “[Datalog and Recursive Query Processing](http://blogs.evergreen.edu/sosw/files/2014/04/Green-Vol5-DBS-017.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 2, pages 105195, November 2013. [doi:10.1561/1900000017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000017)
1. Stefano Ceri, Georg Gottlob, and Letizia Tanca: “[What You Always Wanted to Know About Datalog (And Never Dared to Ask)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Letizia_Tanca/publication/3296132_What_you_always_wanted_to_know_about_Datalog_and_never_dared_to_ask/links/0fcfd50ca2d20473ca000000.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering*, volume 1, number 1, pages 146166, March 1989. [doi:10.1109/69.43410](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/69.43410)
1. Serge Abiteboul, Richard Hull, and Victor Vianu: *[Foundations of Databases](http://webdam.inria.fr/Alice/)*. Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-53771-0, available online at *webdam.inria.fr/Alice*
1. Nathan Marz: “[Cascalog](http://cascalog.org/),” *cascalog.org*.
1. Dennis A. Benson, Ilene Karsch-Mizrachi, David J. Lipman, et al.: “[GenBank](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/suppl_1/D25.full-text-lowres.pdf),” *Nucleic Acids Research*, volume 36, Database issue, pages D25D30, December 2007. [doi:10.1093/nar/gkm929](http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm929)
1. Fons Rademakers: “[ROOT for Big Data Analysis](http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=13&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=246453),” at *Workshop on the Future of Big Data Management*, London, UK, June 2013.

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@ -53,142 +53,68 @@ As an application developer, if youre armed with this knowledge about the int
Although this chapter couldnt make you an expert in tuning any one particular stor age engine, it has hopefully equipped you with enough vocabulary and ideas that you can make sense of the documentation for the database of your choice.
## References
--------------------
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1. Fay Chang, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, et al.: “[Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data](http://research.google.com/archive/bigtable.html),” at *7th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), November 2006.
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View File

@ -63,116 +63,57 @@ We can conclude that with a bit of care, backward/forward compatibility and roll
## References
--------------------
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[doi:10.1145/1142031.1142044](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1142031.1142044)
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1. “[Java Object Serialization Specification](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/platform/serialization/spec/serialTOC.html),” *docs.oracle.com*, 2010.
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1. “[CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data](http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/502.html),” Common Weakness Enumeration, *cwe.mitre.org*, July 30, 2014.
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1. Matt Harris: “[Snowflake: An Update and Some Very Important Information](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/twitter-development-talk/ahbvo3VTIYI),” email to *Twitter Development Talk* mailing list, October 19, 2010.
1. Shudi (Sandy) Gao, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, and Henry S. Thompson: “[XML Schema 1.1](http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema),” W3C Recommendation, May 2001.
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1. “[MessagePack Specification](http://msgpack.org/),” *msgpack.org*.
1. Mark Slee, Aditya Agarwal, and Marc Kwiatkowski: “[Thrift: Scalable Cross-Language Services Implementation](http://thrift.apache.org/static/files/thrift-20070401.pdf),” Facebook technical report, April 2007.
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1. “[A Matrix of the Features Each Individual Language Library Supports](http://wiki.apache.org/thrift/LibraryFeatures),” *wiki.apache.org*.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Schema Evolution in Avro, Protocol Buffers and Thrift](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/12/05/schema-evolution-in-avro-protocol-buffers-thrift.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, December 5, 2012.
1. “[Apache Avro 1.7.7 Documentation](http://avro.apache.org/docs/1.7.7/),” *avro.apache.org*, July 2014.
1. Doug Cutting, Chad Walters, Jim Kellerman, et al.: “[&#91;PROPOSAL&#93; New Subproject: Avro](http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/hadoop-general/200904.mbox/%3C49D53694.1050906@apache.org%3E),” email thread on *hadoop-general* mailing list, *mail-archives.apache.org*, April 2009.
1. Tony Hoare: “[Null References: The Billion Dollar Mistake](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Null-References-The-Billion-Dollar-Mistake-Tony-Hoare),” at *QCon London*, March 2009.
1. Aditya Auradkar and Tom Quiggle: “[Introducing Espresso—LinkedIn's Hot New Distributed Document Store](https://engineering.linkedin.com/espresso/introducing-espresso-linkedins-hot-new-distributed-document-store),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, January 21, 2015.
1. Jay Kreps: “[Putting Apache Kafka to Use: A Practical Guide to Building a Stream Data Platform (Part 2)](http://blog.confluent.io/2015/02/25/stream-data-platform-2/),” *blog.confluent.io*, February 25, 2015.
1. Gwen Shapira: “[The Problem of Managing Schemas](http://radar.oreilly.com/2014/11/the-problem-of-managing-schemas.html),” *radar.oreilly.com*, November 4, 2014.
1. “[Apache Pig 0.14.0 Documentation](http://pig.apache.org/docs/r0.14.0/),” *pig.apache.org*, November 2014.
1. John Larmouth: [*ASN.1Complete*](http://www.oss.com/asn1/resources/books-whitepapers-pubs/larmouth-asn1-book.pdf). Morgan Kaufmann, 1999. ISBN: 978-0-122-33435-1
1. Russell Housley, Warwick Ford, Tim Polk, and David Solo: “[RFC 2459: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Certificate and CRL Profile](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2459.txt),” IETF Network Working Group, Standards Track, January 1999.
1. Lev Walkin: “[Question: Extensibility and Dropping Fields](http://lionet.info/asn1c/blog/2010/09/21/question-extensibility-removing-fields/),” *lionet.info*, September 21, 2010.
1. Jesse James Garrett: “[Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications](http://www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/ajax-new-approach-web-applications/),” *adaptivepath.com*, February 18, 2005.
1. Sam Newman: *Building Microservices*. O'Reilly Media, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-491-95035-7
1. Chris Richardson: “[Microservices: Decomposing Applications for Deployability and Scalability](http://www.infoq.com/articles/microservices-intro),” *infoq.com*, May 25, 2014.
1. Pat Helland: “[Data on the Outside Versus Data on the Inside](http://cidrdb.org/cidr2005/papers/P12.pdf),” at *2nd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2005.
1. Roy Thomas Fielding: “[Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-Based Software Architectures](https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/fielding_dissertation.pdf),” PhD Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2000.
1. Roy Thomas Fielding: “[REST APIs Must Be Hypertext-Driven](http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven),” *roy.gbiv.com*, October 20 2008.
1. “[REST in Peace, SOAP](http://royal.pingdom.com/2010/10/15/rest-in-peace-soap/),” *royal.pingdom.com*, October 15, 2010.
1. “[Web Services Standards as of Q1 2007](https://www.innoq.com/resources/ws-standards-poster/),” *innoq.com*, February 2007.
1. Pete Lacey: “[The S Stands for Simple](http://harmful.cat-v.org/software/xml/soap/simple),” *harmful.cat-v.org*, November 15, 2006.
1. Stefan Tilkov: “[Interview: Pete Lacey Criticizes Web Services](http://www.infoq.com/articles/pete-lacey-ws-criticism),” *infoq.com*, December 12, 2006.
1. “[OpenAPI Specification (fka Swagger RESTful API Documentation Specification) Version 2.0](http://swagger.io/specification/),” *swagger.io*, September 8, 2014.
1. Michi Henning: “[The Rise and Fall of CORBA](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1142044),” *ACM Queue*, volume 4, number 5, pages 2834, June 2006. [doi:10.1145/1142031.1142044](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1142031.1142044)
1. Andrew D. Birrell and Bruce Jay Nelson: “[Implementing Remote Procedure Calls](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall03/cs518/papers/rpc.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems* (TOCS), volume 2, number 1, pages 3959, February 1984. [doi:10.1145/2080.357392](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2080.357392)
1. Jim Waldo, Geoff Wyant, Ann Wollrath, and Sam Kendall: “[A Note on Distributed Computing](http://m.mirror.facebook.net/kde/devel/smli_tr-94-29.pdf),” Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Inc., Technical Report TR-94-29, November 1994.
1. Steve Vinoski: “[Convenience over Correctness](http://steve.vinoski.net/pdf/IEEE-Convenience_Over_Correctness.pdf),” *IEEE Internet Computing*, volume 12, number 4, pages 8992, July 2008. [doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.75](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2008.75)
1. Marius Eriksen: “[Your Server as a Function](http://monkey.org/~marius/funsrv.pdf),” at *7th Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems* (PLOS), November 2013. [doi:10.1145/2525528.2525538](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2525528.2525538)
1. “[grpc-common Documentation](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-common),” Google, Inc., *github.com*, February 2015.
1. Aditya Narayan and Irina Singh: “[Designing and Versioning Compatible Web Services](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/library/techarticles/0705_narayan/0705_narayan.html),” *ibm.com*, March 28, 2007.
1. Troy Hunt: “[Your API Versioning Is Wrong, Which Is Why I Decided to Do It 3 Different Wrong Ways](http://www.troyhunt.com/2014/02/your-api-versioning-is-wrong-which-is.html),” *troyhunt.com*, February 10, 2014.
1. “[API Upgrades](https://stripe.com/docs/upgrades),” Stripe, Inc., April 2015.
1. Jonas Bonér: “[Upgrade in an Akka Cluster](http://grokbase.com/t/gg/akka-user/138wd8j9e3/upgrade-in-an-akka-cluster),” email to *akka-user* mailing list, *grokbase.com*, August 28, 2013.
1. Philip A. Bernstein, Sergey Bykov, Alan Geller, et al.: “[Orleans: Distributed Virtual Actors for Programmability and Scalability](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/210931/Orleans-MSR-TR-2014-41.pdf),” Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2014-41, March 2014.
1. “[Microsoft Project Orleans Documentation](http://dotnet.github.io/orleans/),” Microsoft Research, *dotnet.github.io*, 2015.
1. David Mercer, Sean Hinde, Yinso Chen, and Richard A O'Keefe: “[beginner: Updating Data Structures](http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2007-October/030318.html),” email thread on *erlang-questions* mailing list, *erlang.com*, October 29, 2007.
1. Fred Hebert: “[Postscript: Maps](http://learnyousomeerlang.com/maps),” *learnyousomeerlang.com*, April 9, 2014.

View File

@ -93,134 +93,65 @@ In the next chapter we will continue looking at data that is distributed across
## References
--------------------
1. Bruce G. Lindsay, Patricia Griffiths Selinger, C. Galtieri, et al.:
“[Notes on Distributed Databases](http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/A776EC17FC2FCE73852579F100578964/$File/RJ2571.pdf),” IBM Research, Research Report RJ2571(33471), July 1979.
1. “[Oracle Active Data Guard Real-Time Data Protection and Availability](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/availability/active-data-guard-wp-12c-1896127.pdf),” Oracle White Paper, June 2013.
1. “[AlwaysOn Availability Groups](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh510230.aspx),” in *SQL Server Books Online*, Microsoft, 2012.
1. Lin Qiao, Kapil Surlaker, Shirshanka Das, et al.: “[On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIns Distributed Data Serving Platform](http://www.slideshare.net/amywtang/espresso-20952131),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2013.
1. Jun Rao: “[Intra-Cluster Replication for Apache Kafka](http://www.slideshare.net/junrao/kafka-replication-apachecon2013),” at *ApacheCon North America*, February 2013.
1. “[Highly Available Queues](https://www.rabbitmq.com/ha.html),” in *RabbitMQ Server Documentation*, Pivotal Software, Inc., 2014.
1. Yoshinori Matsunobu: “[Semi-Synchronous Replication at Facebook](http://yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/semi-synchronous-replication-at-facebook.html),” *yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.co.uk*, April 1, 2014.
1. Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider: “[Chain Replication for Supporting High Throughput and Availability](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi04/tech/full_papers/renesse/renesse.pdf),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Jeff Terrace and Michael J. Freedman: “[Object Storage on CRAQ: High-Throughput Chain Replication for Read-Mostly Workloads](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix09/tech/full_papers/terrace/terrace.pdf),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (ATC), June 2009.
1. Brad Calder, Ju Wang, Aaron Ogus, et al.: “[Windows Azure Storage: A Highly Available Cloud Storage Service with Strong Consistency](http://sigops.org/sosp/sosp11/current/2011-Cascais/printable/11-calder.pdf),” at *23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2011.
1. Andrew Wang: “[Windows Azure Storage](http://umbrant.com/blog/2016/windows_azure_storage.html),” *umbrant.com*, February 4, 2016.
1. “[Percona Xtrabackup - Documentation](https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-xtrabackup/2.1/index.html),” Percona LLC, 2014.
1. Jesse Newland: “[GitHub Availability This Week](https://github.com/blog/1261-github-availability-this-week),” *github.com*, September 14, 2012.
1. Mark Imbriaco: “[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),” *github.com*, December 26, 2012.
1. John Hugg: “[All in with Determinism for Performance and Testing in Distributed Systems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJRj3vJL4wE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2015. Amit Kapila: “[WAL Internals of PostgreSQL](http://www.pgcon.org/2012/schedule/attachments/258_212_Internals%20Of%20PostgreSQL%20Wal.pdf),” at *PostgreSQL Conference* (PGCon), May 2012.
1. [*MySQL Internals Manual*](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/index.html). Oracle, 2014.
1. Yogeshwer Sharma, Philippe Ajoux, Petchean Ang, et al.: “[Wormhole: Reliable Pub-Sub to Support Geo-Replicated Internet Services](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-sharma.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
1. “[Oracle GoldenGate 12c: Real-Time Access to Real-Time Information](http://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/data-integration/oracle-goldengate-realtime-access-2031152.pdf),” Oracle White Paper, October 2013.
1. Shirshanka Das, Chavdar Botev, Kapil Surlaker, et al.: “[All Aboard the Databus!](http://www.socc2012.org/s18-das.pdf),” at
*ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012.
1. Greg Sabino Mullane: “[Version 5 of Bucardo Database Replication System](http://blog.endpoint.com/2014/06/bucardo-5-multimaster-postgres-released.html),” *blog.endpoint.com*, June 23, 2014.
1. Werner Vogels: “[Eventually Consistent](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1466448),” *ACM Queue*, volume 6, number 6, pages 1419, October 2008.
[doi:10.1145/1466443.1466448](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1466443.1466448)
1. Douglas B. Terry: “[Replicated Data Consistency Explained Through Baseball](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/157411/ConsistencyAndBaseballReport.pdf),” Microsoft Research, Technical Report MSR-TR-2011-137, October 2011.
1. Douglas B. Terry, Alan J. Demers, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Session Guarantees for Weakly Consistent Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.71.2269&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *3rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Information Systems* (PDIS), September 1994. [doi:10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722)
1. Terry Pratchett: *Reaper Man: A Discworld Novel*. Victor Gollancz, 1991. ISBN: 978-0-575-04979-6
1. “[Tungsten Replicator](http://tungsten-replicator.org/),” Continuent, Inc., 2014.
1. “[BDR 0.10.0 Documentation](http://bdr-project.org/docs/next/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, *bdr-project.org*, 2015.
1. Robert Hodges:
“[If You *Must* Deploy Multi-Master Replication, Read This First](http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/if-you-must-deploy-multi-master.html),” *scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk*,
March 30, 2012.
1. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater: *CouchDB: The Definitive Guide*. O'Reilly Media, 2010.
ISBN: 978-0-596-15589-6
1. AppJet, Inc.: “[Etherpad and EasySync Technical Manual](https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/blob/e2ce9dc/doc/easysync/easysync-full-description.pdf),” *github.com*, March 26, 2011.
1. John Day-Richter: “[Whats Different About the New Google Docs: Making Collaboration Fast](http://googledrive.blogspot.com/2010/09/whats-different-about-new-google-docs.html),” *googledrive.blogspot.com*, 23 September 2010.
1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),”
arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
1. Frazer Clement: “[Eventual Consistency Detecting Conflicts](http://messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/eventual-consistency-detecting.html),” *messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk*, October 20, 2011.
1. Robert Hodges: “[State of the Art for MySQL Multi-Master Replication](https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sessions/state-art-mysql-multi-master-replication),” at *Percona Live: MySQL Conference & Expo*, April 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Riley Berton: “[Is Bi-Directional Replication (BDR) in Postgres Transactional?](http://sdf.org/~riley/blog/2016/01/04/is-bi-directional-replication-bdr-in-postgres-transactional/),” *sdf.org*, January 4, 2016.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski: “[A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types](http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/),” INRIA Research Report no. 7506,
January 2011.
1. Sam Elliott: “[CRDTs: An UPDATE (or Maybe Just a PUT)](https://speakerdeck.com/lenary/crdts-an-update-or-just-a-put),” at *RICON West*, October 2013.
1. Russell Brown: “[A Bluffers Guide to CRDTs in Riak](https://gist.github.com/russelldb/f92f44bdfb619e089a4d),” *gist.github.com*, October 28, 2013.
1. Benjamin Farinier, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy: “[Mergeable Persistent Data Structures](http://gazagnaire.org/pub/FGM15.pdf),” at *26es Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs* (JFLA), January 2015.
1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
1. Lars Hofhansl: “[HBASE-7709: Infinite Loop Possible in Master/Master Replication](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-7709),” *issues.apache.org*, January 29, 2013.
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.7698),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*,
January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Modern Hinted Handoff](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/modern-hinted-handoff),” *datastax.com*, December 11, 2012.
1. “[Project Voldemort Wiki](https://github.com/voldemort/voldemort/wiki),” *github.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache Cassandra 2.0 Documentation](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cassandra/2.0/index.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc.,
September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](http://basho.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)
1. Bruce G. Lindsay, Patricia Griffiths Selinger, C. Galtieri, et al.: “[Notes on Distributed Databases](http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/A776EC17FC2FCE73852579F100578964/$File/RJ2571.pdf),” IBM Research, Research Report RJ2571(33471), July 1979.
1. “[Oracle Active Data Guard Real-Time Data Protection and Availability](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/availability/active-data-guard-wp-12c-1896127.pdf),” Oracle White Paper, June 2013.
1. “[AlwaysOn Availability Groups](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh510230.aspx),” in *SQL Server Books Online*, Microsoft, 2012.
1. Lin Qiao, Kapil Surlaker, Shirshanka Das, et al.: “[On Brewing Fresh Espresso: LinkedIns Distributed Data Serving Platform](http://www.slideshare.net/amywtang/espresso-20952131),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2013.
1. Jun Rao: “[Intra-Cluster Replication for Apache Kafka](http://www.slideshare.net/junrao/kafka-replication-apachecon2013),” at *ApacheCon North America*, February 2013.
1. “[Highly Available Queues](https://www.rabbitmq.com/ha.html),” in *RabbitMQ Server Documentation*, Pivotal Software, Inc., 2014.
1. Yoshinori Matsunobu: “[Semi-Synchronous Replication at Facebook](http://yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/semi-synchronous-replication-at-facebook.html),” *yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.co.uk*, April 1, 2014.
1. Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider: “[Chain Replication for Supporting High Throughput and Availability](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi04/tech/full_papers/renesse/renesse.pdf),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Jeff Terrace and Michael J. Freedman: “[Object Storage on CRAQ: High-Throughput Chain Replication for Read-Mostly Workloads](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix09/tech/full_papers/terrace/terrace.pdf),” at *USENIX Annual Technical Conference* (ATC), June 2009.
1. Brad Calder, Ju Wang, Aaron Ogus, et al.: “[Windows Azure Storage: A Highly Available Cloud Storage Service with Strong Consistency](http://sigops.org/sosp/sosp11/current/2011-Cascais/printable/11-calder.pdf),” at *23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2011.
1. Andrew Wang: “[Windows Azure Storage](http://umbrant.com/blog/2016/windows_azure_storage.html),” *umbrant.com*, February 4, 2016.
1. “[Percona Xtrabackup - Documentation](https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-xtrabackup/2.1/index.html),” Percona LLC, 2014.
1. Jesse Newland: “[GitHub Availability This Week](https://github.com/blog/1261-github-availability-this-week),” *github.com*, September 14, 2012.
1. Mark Imbriaco: “[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),” *github.com*, December 26, 2012.
1. John Hugg: “[All in with Determinism for Performance and Testing in Distributed Systems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJRj3vJL4wE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2015.
1. Amit Kapila: “[WAL Internals of PostgreSQL](http://www.pgcon.org/2012/schedule/attachments/258_212_Internals%20Of%20PostgreSQL%20Wal.pdf),” at *PostgreSQL Conference* (PGCon), May 2012.
1. [*MySQL Internals Manual*](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/index.html). Oracle, 2014.
1. Yogeshwer Sharma, Philippe Ajoux, Petchean Ang, et al.: “[Wormhole: Reliable Pub-Sub to Support Geo-Replicated Internet Services](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-sharma.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
1. “[Oracle GoldenGate 12c: Real-Time Access to Real-Time Information](http://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/data-integration/oracle-goldengate-realtime-access-2031152.pdf),” Oracle White Paper, October 2013.
1. Shirshanka Das, Chavdar Botev, Kapil Surlaker, et al.: “[All Aboard the Databus!](http://www.socc2012.org/s18-das.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012.
1. Greg Sabino Mullane: “[Version 5 of Bucardo Database Replication System](http://blog.endpoint.com/2014/06/bucardo-5-multimaster-postgres-released.html),” *blog.endpoint.com*, June 23, 2014.
1. Werner Vogels: “[Eventually Consistent](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1466448),” *ACM Queue*, volume 6, number 6, pages 1419, October 2008. [doi:10.1145/1466443.1466448](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1466443.1466448)
1. Douglas B. Terry: “[Replicated Data Consistency Explained Through Baseball](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/157411/ConsistencyAndBaseballReport.pdf),” Microsoft Research, Technical Report MSR-TR-2011-137, October 2011.
1. Douglas B. Terry, Alan J. Demers, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Session Guarantees for Weakly Consistent Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.71.2269&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *3rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Information Systems* (PDIS), September 1994. [doi:10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722)
1. Terry Pratchett: *Reaper Man: A Discworld Novel*. Victor Gollancz, 1991. ISBN: 978-0-575-04979-6
1. “[Tungsten Replicator](http://tungsten-replicator.org/),” Continuent, Inc., 2014.
1. “[BDR 0.10.0 Documentation](http://bdr-project.org/docs/next/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, *bdr-project.org*, 2015.
1. Robert Hodges: “[If You *Must* Deploy Multi-Master Replication, Read This First](http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/if-you-must-deploy-multi-master.html),” *scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk*, March 30, 2012.
1. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater: *CouchDB: The Definitive Guide*. O'Reilly Media, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-596-15589-6
1. AppJet, Inc.: “[Etherpad and EasySync Technical Manual](https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/blob/e2ce9dc/doc/easysync/easysync-full-description.pdf),” *github.com*, March 26, 2011.
1. John Day-Richter: “[Whats Different About the New Google Docs: Making Collaboration Fast](http://googledrive.blogspot.com/2010/09/whats-different-about-new-google-docs.html),” *googledrive.blogspot.com*, 23 September 2010.
1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),” arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
1. Frazer Clement: “[Eventual Consistency Detecting Conflicts](http://messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/eventual-consistency-detecting.html),” *messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk*, October 20, 2011.
1. Robert Hodges: “[State of the Art for MySQL Multi-Master Replication](https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sessions/state-art-mysql-multi-master-replication),” at *Percona Live: MySQL Conference & Expo*, April 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Riley Berton: “[Is Bi-Directional Replication (BDR) in Postgres Transactional?](http://sdf.org/~riley/blog/2016/01/04/is-bi-directional-replication-bdr-in-postgres-transactional/),” *sdf.org*, January 4, 2016.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski: “[A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types](http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/),” INRIA Research Report no. 7506, January 2011.
1. Sam Elliott: “[CRDTs: An UPDATE (or Maybe Just a PUT)](https://speakerdeck.com/lenary/crdts-an-update-or-just-a-put),” at *RICON West*, October 2013.
1. Russell Brown: “[A Bluffers Guide to CRDTs in Riak](https://gist.github.com/russelldb/f92f44bdfb619e089a4d),” *gist.github.com*, October 28, 2013.
1. Benjamin Farinier, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy: “[Mergeable Persistent Data Structures](http://gazagnaire.org/pub/FGM15.pdf),” at *26es Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs* (JFLA), January 2015.
1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
1. Lars Hofhansl: “[HBASE-7709: Infinite Loop Possible in Master/Master Replication](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-7709),” *issues.apache.org*, January 29, 2013.
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.7698),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Modern Hinted Handoff](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/modern-hinted-handoff),” *datastax.com*, December 11, 2012.
1. “[Project Voldemort Wiki](https://github.com/voldemort/voldemort/wiki),” *github.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache Cassandra 2.0 Documentation](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cassandra/2.0/index.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](http://basho.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)

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@ -65,75 +65,37 @@ By design, every partition operates mostly independently—thats what allows
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1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Object Partitioning in Oracle](http://www.dba-oracle.com/art_partit.htm),”*dba-oracle.com*, November 8, 2000.
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1. Branimir Lambov: “[New Token Allocation Algorithm in Cassandra 3.0](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/token-allocation-algorithm),” *datastax.com*, January 28, 2016.
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
1. Kishore Gopalakrishna, Shi Lu, Zhen Zhang, et al.: “[Untangling Cluster Management with Helix](http://www.socc2012.org/helix_onecol.pdf?attredirects=0),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012. [doi:10.1145/2391229.2391248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2391229.2391248)
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@ -99,68 +99,57 @@ In this chapter, we explored ideas and algorithms mostly in the context of a dat
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@ -54,110 +54,99 @@ We also touched on supercomputers, which assume reliable components and thus hav
This chapter has been all about problems, and has given us a bleak outlook. In the next chapter we will move on to solutions, and discuss some algorithms that have been designed to cope with all the problems in distributed systems.
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@ -86,239 +86,114 @@ This chapter referenced a large body of research on the theory of distributed sy
This brings us to the end of [Part II](part-ii.md) of this book, in which we covered replication ([Chapter 5](ch5.md)), partitioning ([Chapter 6](ch6.md)), transactions ([Chapter 7](ch7.md)), distributed system failure models ([Chapter 8](ch8.md)), and finally consistency and consensus ([Chapter 9](ch9.md)). Now that we have laid a firm foundation of theory, in [Part III](part-iii.md) we will turn once again to more practical systems, and discuss how to build powerful applications from heterogeneous building blocks.
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4. Frank McSherry, Michael Isard, and Derek G. Murray: “[Scalability! But at What COST?](http://www.frankmcsherry.org/assets/COST.pdf),” at 15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS),May 2015.
1. Ulrich Drepper: “[What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory](https://people.freebsd.org/~lstewart/articles/cpumemory.pdf),” akkadia.org, November 21, 2007.
1. Ben Stopford: “[Shared Nothing vs. Shared Disk Architectures: An Independent View](http://www.benstopford.com/2009/11/24/understanding-the-shared-nothing-architecture/),” benstopford.com, November 24, 2009.
1. Michael Stonebraker: “[The Case for Shared Nothing](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/hpts85-nothing.pdf),” IEEE Database EngineeringBulletin, volume 9, number 1, pages 49, March 1986.
1. Frank McSherry, Michael Isard, and Derek G. Murray: “[Scalability! But at What COST?](http://www.frankmcsherry.org/assets/COST.pdf),” at 15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS),May 2015.

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@ -371,40 +371,40 @@
## 參考文獻
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1. Jeffrey Dean and Luiz André Barroso: “[The Tail at Scale](http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/2/160173-the-tail-at-scale/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 56, number 2, pages 7480, February 2013. [doi:10.1145/2408776.2408794](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2408776.2408794)
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1. Gil Tene: “[HdrHistogram](http://www.hdrhistogram.org/),” *hdrhistogram.org*.
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1. James Hamilton: “[On Designing and Deploying Internet-Scale Services](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/lisa07/tech/full_papers/hamilton/hamilton.pdf),” at *21st Large Installation System Administration Conference* (LISA), November 2007.
1. Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder: “[Big Ball of Mud](http://www.laputan.org/pub/foote/mud.pdf),” at *4th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs* (PLoP), September 1997.
1. Frederick P Brooks: “No Silver Bullet Essence and Accident in Software Engineering,” in *The Mythical Man-Month*, Anniversary edition, Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-83595-3
1. Ben Moseley and Peter Marks: “[Out of the Tar Pit](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.93.8928),” at *BCS Software Practice Advancement* (SPA), 2006.
1. Rich Hickey: “[Simple Made Easy](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2011.
1. Hongyu Pei Breivold, Ivica Crnkovic, and Peter J. Eriksson: “[Analyzing Software Evolvability](http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/publications/1478.pdf),” at *32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference* (COMPSAC), July 2008. [doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50)
1. Michael Stonebraker and Uğur Çetintemel: “['One Size Fits All': An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.68.9136&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *21st International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), April 2005.
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1. Ding Yuan, Yu Luo, Xin Zhuang, et al.: “[Simple Testing Can Prevent Most Critical Failures: An Analysis of Production Failures in Distributed Data-Intensive Systems](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-yuan.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2014.
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1. Daniel Ford, François Labelle, Florentina I. Popovici, et al.: “[Availability in Globally Distributed Storage Systems](http://research.google.com/pubs/archive/36737.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2010.
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1. Laurie Voss: “[AWS: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429075023/http://blog.awe.sm/2012/12/18/aws-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/),” *blog.awe.sm*, December 18, 2012.
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1. David Oppenheimer, Archana Ganapathi, and David A. Patterson: “[Why Do Internet Services Fail, and What Can Be Done About It?](http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/usits03/tech/full_papers/oppenheimer/oppenheimer.pdf),” at *4th USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems* (USITS), March 2003.
1. Nathan Marz: “[Principles of Software Engineering, Part 1](http://nathanmarz.com/blog/principles-of-software-engineering-part-1.html),” *nathanmarz.com*, April 2, 2013.
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1. Jake Brutlag:“[Speed Matters for Google Web Search](http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/speed-matters.html),” *googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk*, June 22, 2009.
1. Tyler Treat: “[Everything You Know About Latency Is Wrong](http://bravenewgeek.com/everything-you-know-about-latency-is-wrong/),” *bravenewgeek.com*, December 12, 2015.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Luiz André Barroso: “[The Tail at Scale](http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/2/160173-the-tail-at-scale/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 56, number 2, pages 7480, February 2013. [doi:10.1145/2408776.2408794](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2408776.2408794)
1. Graham Cormode, Vladislav Shkapenyuk, Divesh Srivastava, and Bojian Xu: “[Forward Decay: A Practical Time Decay Model for Streaming Systems](http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~graham/pubs/papers/fwddecay.pdf),” at *25th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), March 2009.
1. Ted Dunning and Otmar Ertl: “[Computing Extremely Accurate Quantiles Using t-Digests](https://github.com/tdunning/t-digest),” *github.com*, March 2014.
1. Gil Tene: “[HdrHistogram](http://www.hdrhistogram.org/),” *hdrhistogram.org*.
1. Baron Schwartz: “[Why Percentiles Dont Work the Way You Think](https://www.vividcortex.com/blog/why-percentiles-dont-work-the-way-you-think),” *vividcortex.com*, December 7, 2015.
1. James Hamilton: “[On Designing and Deploying Internet-Scale Services](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/lisa07/tech/full_papers/hamilton/hamilton.pdf),” at *21st Large Installation System Administration Conference* (LISA), November 2007.
1. Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder: “[Big Ball of Mud](http://www.laputan.org/pub/foote/mud.pdf),” at *4th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs* (PLoP), September 1997.
1. Frederick P Brooks: “No Silver Bullet Essence and Accident in Software Engineering,” in *The Mythical Man-Month*, Anniversary edition, Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-83595-3
1. Ben Moseley and Peter Marks: “[Out of the Tar Pit](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.93.8928),” at *BCS Software Practice Advancement* (SPA), 2006.
1. Rich Hickey: “[Simple Made Easy](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2011.
1. Hongyu Pei Breivold, Ivica Crnkovic, and Peter J. Eriksson: “[Analyzing Software Evolvability](http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/publications/1478.pdf),” at *32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference* (COMPSAC), July 2008. [doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.50)
------

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@ -723,87 +723,87 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免將中間狀態寫入 HDFS因此它們採取了
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@ -754,20 +754,20 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基於類似的想法來處理狀態【78】。依賴冪等性
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@ -814,9 +814,9 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基於類似的想法來處理狀態【78】。依賴冪等性
1. Matei Zaharia, Tathagata Das, Haoyuan Li, et al.: “[Discretized Streams: An Efficient and Fault-Tolerant Model for Stream Processing on Large Clusters](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotcloud12/hotcloud12-final28.pdf),” at *4th USENIX Conference in Hot Topics in Cloud Computing* (HotCloud), June 2012.
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@ -888,120 +888,120 @@ ACID 意義下的一致性(請參閱 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
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1. Bruce Schneier: “[Data Is a Toxic Asset, So Why Not Throw It Out?](https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/03/data_is_a_toxic_asse.html),” *schneier.com*, March 1, 2016.
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1. [Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31995L0046), Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 281/31, *eur-lex.europa.eu*, November 1995.
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1. Sam Thielman: “[You Are Not What You Read: Librarians Purge User Data to Protect Privacy](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/13/us-library-records-purged-data-privacy),” *theguardian.com*, January 13, 2016.
1. Conor Friedersdorf: “[Edward Snowdens Other Motive for Leaking](http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/05/edward-snowdens-other-motive-for-leaking/370068/),” *theatlantic.com*, May 13, 2014.
1. Phillip Rogaway: “[The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work](http://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/moral-fn.pdf),” Cryptology ePrint 2015/1162, December 2015.
------

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@ -932,55 +932,55 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳轉,但是 Datalog 一次只進行一
## 參考文獻
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------

View File

@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ $ cat database
[^i]: 如果所有的鍵與值都是定長的,你可以使用段檔案上的二分查詢並完全避免使用記憶體索引。然而實踐中的鍵和值通常都是變長的,因此如果沒有索引,就很難知道記錄的分界點(前一條記錄結束以及後一條記錄開始的地方)。
3. 由於讀取請求無論如何都需要掃描所請求範圍內的多個鍵值對因此可以將這些記錄分組為塊block並在將其寫入硬碟之前對其進行壓縮如 [圖 3-5](../img/fig3-5.png) 中的陰影區域所示)[^ 譯註 i] 。稀疏記憶體索引中的每個條目都指向壓縮塊的開始處。除了節省硬碟空間之外,壓縮還可以減少對 I/O 頻寬的使用。
3. 由於讀取請求無論如何都需要掃描所請求範圍內的多個鍵值對因此可以將這些記錄分組為塊block並在將其寫入硬碟之前對其進行壓縮如 [圖 3-5](../img/fig3-5.png) 中的陰影區域所示)[^譯註i] 。稀疏記憶體索引中的每個條目都指向壓縮塊的開始處。除了節省硬碟空間之外,壓縮還可以減少對 I/O 頻寬的使用。
[^譯註i]: 這裡的壓縮是 compression不是前文的 compaction請注意區分。
@ -609,70 +609,70 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -768,67 +768,67 @@ LWW 實現了最終收斂的目標,但以 **永續性** 為代價:如果同
## 參考文獻
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1. John Hugg: “[All in with Determinism for Performance and Testing in Distributed Systems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJRj3vJL4wE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2015.
1. Amit Kapila: “[WAL Internals of PostgreSQL](http://www.pgcon.org/2012/schedule/attachments/258_212_Internals%20Of%20PostgreSQL%20Wal.pdf),” at *PostgreSQL Conference* (PGCon), May 2012.
1. [*MySQL Internals Manual*](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/index.html). Oracle, 2014.
1. Yogeshwer Sharma, Philippe Ajoux, Petchean Ang, et al.: “[Wormhole: Reliable Pub-Sub to Support Geo-Replicated Internet Services](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-sharma.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
1. “[Oracle GoldenGate 12c: Real-Time Access to Real-Time Information](http://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/data-integration/oracle-goldengate-realtime-access-2031152.pdf),” Oracle White Paper, October 2013.
1. Shirshanka Das, Chavdar Botev, Kapil Surlaker, et al.: “[All Aboard the Databus!](http://www.socc2012.org/s18-das.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012.
1. Greg Sabino Mullane: “[Version 5 of Bucardo Database Replication System](http://blog.endpoint.com/2014/06/bucardo-5-multimaster-postgres-released.html),” *blog.endpoint.com*, June 23, 2014.
1. Werner Vogels: “[Eventually Consistent](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1466448),” *ACM Queue*, volume 6, number 6, pages 1419, October 2008. [doi:10.1145/1466443.1466448](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1466443.1466448)
1. Douglas B. Terry: “[Replicated Data Consistency Explained Through Baseball](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/157411/ConsistencyAndBaseballReport.pdf),” Microsoft Research, Technical Report MSR-TR-2011-137, October 2011.
1. Douglas B. Terry, Alan J. Demers, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Session Guarantees for Weakly Consistent Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.71.2269&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *3rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Information Systems* (PDIS), September 1994. [doi:10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722)
1. Terry Pratchett: *Reaper Man: A Discworld Novel*. Victor Gollancz, 1991. ISBN: 978-0-575-04979-6
1. “[Tungsten Replicator](http://tungsten-replicator.org/),” Continuent, Inc., 2014.
1. “[BDR 0.10.0 Documentation](http://bdr-project.org/docs/next/index.html),” The PostgreSQL Global Development Group, *bdr-project.org*, 2015.
1. Robert Hodges: “[If You *Must* Deploy Multi-Master Replication, Read This First](http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/if-you-must-deploy-multi-master.html),” *scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk*, March 30, 2012.
1. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater: *CouchDB: The Definitive Guide*. O'Reilly Media, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-596-15589-6
1. AppJet, Inc.: “[Etherpad and EasySync Technical Manual](https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/blob/e2ce9dc/doc/easysync/easysync-full-description.pdf),” *github.com*, March 26, 2011.
1. John Day-Richter: “[Whats Different About the New Google Docs: Making Collaboration Fast](http://googledrive.blogspot.com/2010/09/whats-different-about-new-google-docs.html),” *googledrive.blogspot.com*, 23 September 2010.
1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),” arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
1. Frazer Clement: “[Eventual Consistency Detecting Conflicts](http://messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/eventual-consistency-detecting.html),” *messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk*, October 20, 2011.
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1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Riley Berton: “[Is Bi-Directional Replication (BDR) in Postgres Transactional?](http://sdf.org/~riley/blog/2016/01/04/is-bi-directional-replication-bdr-in-postgres-transactional/),” *sdf.org*, January 4, 2016.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski: “[A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types](http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/),” INRIA Research Report no. 7506, January 2011.
1. Sam Elliott: “[CRDTs: An UPDATE (or Maybe Just a PUT)](https://speakerdeck.com/lenary/crdts-an-update-or-just-a-put),” at *RICON West*, October 2013.
1. Russell Brown: “[A Bluffers Guide to CRDTs in Riak](https://gist.github.com/russelldb/f92f44bdfb619e089a4d),” *gist.github.com*, October 28, 2013.
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1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
1. Lars Hofhansl: “[HBASE-7709: Infinite Loop Possible in Master/Master Replication](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-7709),” *issues.apache.org*, January 29, 2013.
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.7698),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
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1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Modern Hinted Handoff](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/modern-hinted-handoff),” *datastax.com*, December 11, 2012.
1. “[Project Voldemort Wiki](https://github.com/voldemort/voldemort/wiki),” *github.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache Cassandra 2.0 Documentation](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cassandra/2.0/index.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](http://basho.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)
--------

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@ -325,39 +325,39 @@ Couchbase 不會自動進行再平衡,這簡化了設計。通常情況下,
## 參考文獻
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1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Java's hashCode Is Not Safe for Distributed Systems](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/06/18/java-hashcode-unsafe-for-distributed-systems.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, June 18, 2012.
1. David Karger, Eric Lehman, Tom Leighton, et al.: “[Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web](http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdf),” at *29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing* (STOC), pages 654663, 1997. [doi:10.1145/258533.258660](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258533.258660)
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1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](http://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
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1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.
1. “[Apache Solr Reference Guide](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/solr/Apache+Solr+Reference+Guide),” Apache Software Foundation, 2014.
1. Andrew Pavlo: “[H-Store Frequently Asked Questions](http://hstore.cs.brown.edu/documentation/faq/),” *hstore.cs.brown.edu*, October 2013.
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1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Object Partitioning in Oracle](http://www.dba-oracle.com/art_partit.htm),”*dba-oracle.com*, November 8, 2000.
1. Eric Evans: “[Rethinking Topology in Cassandra](http://www.slideshare.net/jericevans/virtual-nodes-rethinking-topology-in-cassandra),” at *ApacheCon Europe*, November 2012.
1. Rafał Kuć: “[Reroute API Explained](http://elasticsearchserverbook.com/reroute-api-explained/),” *elasticsearchserverbook.com*, September 30, 2013.
1. “[Project Voldemort Documentation](http://www.project-voldemort.com/voldemort/),” *project-voldemort.com*.
1. Enis Soztutar: “[Apache HBase Region Splitting and Merging](http://hortonworks.com/blog/apache-hbase-region-splitting-and-merging/),” *hortonworks.com*, February 1, 2013.
1. Brandon Williams: “[Virtual Nodes in Cassandra 1.2](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/virtual-nodes-in-cassandra-1-2),” *datastax.com*, December 4, 2012.
1. Richard Jones: “[libketama: Consistent Hashing Library for Memcached Clients](https://www.metabrew.com/article/libketama-consistent-hashing-algo-memcached-clients),” *metabrew.com*, April 10, 2007.
1. Branimir Lambov: “[New Token Allocation Algorithm in Cassandra 3.0](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/token-allocation-algorithm),” *datastax.com*, January 28, 2016.
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
1. Kishore Gopalakrishna, Shi Lu, Zhen Zhang, et al.: “[Untangling Cluster Management with Helix](http://www.socc2012.org/helix_onecol.pdf?attredirects=0),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012. [doi:10.1145/2391229.2391248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2391229.2391248)
1. “[Moxi 1.8 Manual](http://docs.couchbase.com/moxi-manual-1.8/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
1. David J. DeWitt and Jim N. Gray: “[Parallel Database Systems: The Future of High Performance Database Systems](),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 35, number 6, pages 8598, June 1992. [doi:10.1145/129888.129894](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/129888.129894)
1. Lars George: “[HBase vs. BigTable Comparison](http://www.larsgeorge.com/2009/11/hbase-vs-bigtable-comparison.html),” *larsgeorge.com*, November 2009.
1. “[The Apache HBase Reference Guide](https://hbase.apache.org/book/book.html),” Apache Software Foundation, *hbase.apache.org*, 2014.
1. MongoDB, Inc.: “[New Hash-Based Sharding Feature in MongoDB 2.4](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/47633823714/new-hash-based-sharding-feature-in-mongodb-24),” *blog.mongodb.org*, April 10, 2013.
1. Ikai Lan: “[App Engine Datastore Tip: Monotonically Increasing Values Are Bad](http://ikaisays.com/2011/01/25/app-engine-datastore-tip-monotonically-increasing-values-are-bad/),” *ikaisays.com*, January 25, 2011.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Java's hashCode Is Not Safe for Distributed Systems](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/06/18/java-hashcode-unsafe-for-distributed-systems.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, June 18, 2012.
1. David Karger, Eric Lehman, Tom Leighton, et al.: “[Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web](http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdf),” at *29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing* (STOC), pages 654663, 1997. [doi:10.1145/258533.258660](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258533.258660)
1. John Lamping and Eric Veach: “[A Fast, Minimal Memory, Consistent Hash Algorithm](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2294v1.pdf),” *arxiv.org*, June 2014.
1. Eric Redmond: “[A Little Riak Book](http://littleriakbook.com/),” Version 1.4.0, Basho Technologies, September 2013.
1. “[Couchbase 2.5 Administrator Guide](http://docs.couchbase.com/couchbase-manual-2.5/cb-admin/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
1. “[Introduction to Cassandra Query Language](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cql/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](http://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
1. “[Riak 1.4.8 Docs](http://docs.basho.com/riak/1.4.8/),” Basho Technologies, Inc., 2014.
1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.
1. “[Apache Solr Reference Guide](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/solr/Apache+Solr+Reference+Guide),” Apache Software Foundation, 2014.
1. Andrew Pavlo: “[H-Store Frequently Asked Questions](http://hstore.cs.brown.edu/documentation/faq/),” *hstore.cs.brown.edu*, October 2013.
1. “[Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/),” Amazon Web Services, Inc., 2014.
1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Object Partitioning in Oracle](http://www.dba-oracle.com/art_partit.htm),”*dba-oracle.com*, November 8, 2000.
1. Eric Evans: “[Rethinking Topology in Cassandra](http://www.slideshare.net/jericevans/virtual-nodes-rethinking-topology-in-cassandra),” at *ApacheCon Europe*, November 2012.
1. Rafał Kuć: “[Reroute API Explained](http://elasticsearchserverbook.com/reroute-api-explained/),” *elasticsearchserverbook.com*, September 30, 2013.
1. “[Project Voldemort Documentation](http://www.project-voldemort.com/voldemort/),” *project-voldemort.com*.
1. Enis Soztutar: “[Apache HBase Region Splitting and Merging](http://hortonworks.com/blog/apache-hbase-region-splitting-and-merging/),” *hortonworks.com*, February 1, 2013.
1. Brandon Williams: “[Virtual Nodes in Cassandra 1.2](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/virtual-nodes-in-cassandra-1-2),” *datastax.com*, December 4, 2012.
1. Richard Jones: “[libketama: Consistent Hashing Library for Memcached Clients](https://www.metabrew.com/article/libketama-consistent-hashing-algo-memcached-clients),” *metabrew.com*, April 10, 2007.
1. Branimir Lambov: “[New Token Allocation Algorithm in Cassandra 3.0](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/token-allocation-algorithm),” *datastax.com*, January 28, 2016.
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
1. Kishore Gopalakrishna, Shi Lu, Zhen Zhang, et al.: “[Untangling Cluster Management with Helix](http://www.socc2012.org/helix_onecol.pdf?attredirects=0),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012. [doi:10.1145/2391229.2391248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2391229.2391248)
1. “[Moxi 1.8 Manual](http://docs.couchbase.com/moxi-manual-1.8/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
------

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@ -889,14 +889,14 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
1. Armando Fox, Steven D. Gribble, Yatin Chawathe, et al.: “[Cluster-Based Scalable Network Services](http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262b/TACC.pdf),” at *16th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 1997.
1. Philip A. Bernstein, Vassos Hadzilacos, and Nathan Goodman: [*Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems*](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/philbe/ccontrol.aspx). Addison-Wesley, 1987. ISBN: 978-0-201-10715-9, available online at *research.microsoft.com*.
1. Alan Fekete, Dimitrios Liarokapis, Elizabeth O'Neil, et al.: “[Making Snapshot Isolation Serializable](https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/infolab/Data/Courses/CS632/2009/Papers/p492-fekete.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Database Systems*, volume 30, number 2, pages 492528, June 2005. [doi:10.1145/1071610.1071615](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1071610.1071615)
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1. Chris Siebenmann: “[Unix's File Durability Problem](https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/unix/FileSyncProblem),” *utcc.utoronto.ca*, April 14, 2016.
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1. Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, and Arif Merchant: “[Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected](https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast16/technical-sessions/presentation/schroeder),” at *14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies* (FAST), February 2016.
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@ -919,9 +919,9 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
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[^譯著1]: 原詩為Hey I just met you. The networks laggy. But heres my data. So store it maybe.Hey, 應改編自《Call Me Maybe》歌詞I just met you, And this is crazy, But here's my number, So call me, maybe?

View File

@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ CAP 定理的正式定義僅限於很狹隘的範圍【30】它只考慮了
* 每個節點每秒可以處理不同數量的操作。因此,如果一個節點產生偶數序列號而另一個產生奇數序列號,則偶數計數器可能落後於奇數計數器,反之亦然。如果你有一個奇數編號的操作和一個偶數編號的操作,你無法準確地說出哪一個操作在因果上先發生。
* 來自物理時鐘的時間戳會受到時鐘偏移的影響,這可能會使其與因果不一致。例如 [圖 8-3](../img/fig8-3.png) 展示了一個例子,其中因果上晚發生的操作,卻被分配了一個更早的時間戳。[^vii]
* 來自物理時鐘的時間戳會受到時鐘偏移的影響,這可能會使其與因果不一致。例如 [圖 8-3](../img/fig8-3.png) 展示了一個例子,其中因果上晚發生的操作,卻被分配了一個更早的時間戳。[^viii]
[^viii]: 可以使物理時鐘時間戳與因果關係保持一致:在 “[全域性快照的同步時鐘](ch8.md#全域性快照的同步時鐘)” 中,我們討論了 Google 的 Spanner它可以估計預期的時鐘偏差並在提交寫入之前等待不確定性間隔。這種方法確保了實際上靠後的事務會有更大的時間戳。但是大多數時鐘不能提供這種所需的不確定性度量。
@ -940,116 +940,116 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小夥伴們可以看作是成員資格服務membership se
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