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## 参考文献
1. Michael Stonebraker and Uğur Çetintemel: “['One Size Fits All': An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.68.9136&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *21st International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), April 2005.
1. Michael Stonebraker and Uğur Çetintemel: “['One Size Fits All': An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone](https://cs.brown.edu/~ugur/fits_all.pdf),” at *21st International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), April 2005.
1. Walter L. Heimerdinger and Charles B. Weinstock: “[A Conceptual Framework for System Fault Tolerance](https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/TechnicalReport/1992_005_001_16112.pdf),” Technical Report CMU/SEI-92-TR-033, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, October 1992.
1. Ding Yuan, Yu Luo, Xin Zhuang, et al.: “[Simple Testing Can Prevent Most Critical Failures: An Analysis of Production Failures in Distributed Data-Intensive Systems](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-yuan.pdf),” at *11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2014.
1. Yury Izrailevsky and Ariel Tseitlin: “[The Netflix Simian Army](http://techblog.netflix.com/2011/07/netflix-simian-army.html),” *techblog.netflix.com*, July 19, 2011.
1. Yury Izrailevsky and Ariel Tseitlin: “[The Netflix Simian Army](https://netflixtechblog.com/the-netflix-simian-army-16e57fbab116),” *netflixtechblog.com*, July 19, 2011.
1. Daniel Ford, François Labelle, Florentina I. Popovici, et al.: “[Availability in Globally Distributed Storage Systems](http://research.google.com/pubs/archive/36737.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2010.
1. Brian Beach: “[Hard Drive Reliability Update Sep 2014](https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-update-september-2014/),” *backblaze.com*, September 23, 2014.
1. Laurie Voss: “[AWS: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429075023/http://blog.awe.sm/2012/12/18/aws-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/),” *blog.awe.sm*, December 18, 2012.
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1. Kelly Sommers: “[After all that run around, what caused 500ms disk latency even when we replaced physical server?](https://twitter.com/kellabyte/status/532930540777635840)” *twitter.com*, November 13, 2014.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Greg Linden: “[Make Data Useful](http://glinden.blogspot.co.uk/2006/12/slides-from-my-talk-at-stanford.html),” slides from presentation at Stanford University Data Mining class (CS345), December 2006.
1. Tammy Everts: “[The Real Cost of Slow Time vs Downtime](http://www.webperformancetoday.com/2014/11/12/real-cost-slow-time-vs-downtime-slides/),” *webperformancetoday.com*, November 12, 2014.
1. Jake Brutlag:“[Speed Matters for Google Web Search](http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/speed-matters.html),” *googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk*, June 22, 2009.
1. Tammy Everts: “[The Real Cost of Slow Time vs Downtime](https://www.slideshare.net/Radware/radware-cmg2014-tammyevertsslowtimevsdowntime),” *slideshare.com*, November 5, 2014.
1. Jake Brutlag:“[Speed Matters](https://ai.googleblog.com/2009/06/speed-matters.html),” *ai.googleblog.com*, June 23, 2009.
1. Tyler Treat: “[Everything You Know About Latency Is Wrong](http://bravenewgeek.com/everything-you-know-about-latency-is-wrong/),” *bravenewgeek.com*, December 12, 2015.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Luiz André Barroso: “[The Tail at Scale](http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/2/160173-the-tail-at-scale/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 56, number 2, pages 7480, February 2013. [doi:10.1145/2408776.2408794](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2408776.2408794)
1. Graham Cormode, Vladislav Shkapenyuk, Divesh Srivastava, and Bojian Xu: “[Forward Decay: A Practical Time Decay Model for Streaming Systems](http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~graham/pubs/papers/fwddecay.pdf),” at *25th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), March 2009.
1. Ted Dunning and Otmar Ertl: “[Computing Extremely Accurate Quantiles Using t-Digests](https://github.com/tdunning/t-digest),” *github.com*, March 2014.
1. Gil Tene: “[HdrHistogram](http://www.hdrhistogram.org/),” *hdrhistogram.org*.
1. Baron Schwartz: “[Why Percentiles Dont Work the Way You Think](https://www.vividcortex.com/blog/why-percentiles-dont-work-the-way-you-think),” *vividcortex.com*, December 7, 2015.
1. Baron Schwartz: “[Why Percentiles Dont Work the Way You Think](https://orangematter.solarwinds.com/2016/11/18/why-percentiles-dont-work-the-way-you-think/),” *solarwinds.com*, November 18, 2016.
1. James Hamilton: “[On Designing and Deploying Internet-Scale Services](https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/lisa07/tech/full_papers/hamilton/hamilton.pdf),” at *21st Large Installation System Administration Conference* (LISA), November 2007.
1. Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder: “[Big Ball of Mud](http://www.laputan.org/pub/foote/mud.pdf),” at *4th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs* (PLoP), September 1997.
1. Frederick P Brooks: “No Silver Bullet Essence and Accident in Software Engineering,” in *The Mythical Man-Month*, Anniversary edition, Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN: 978-0-201-83595-3

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## 参考文献
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](https://research.google/pubs/pub62/),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
1. Joel Spolsky: “[The Perils of JavaSchools](http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/ThePerilsofJavaSchools.html),” *joelonsoftware.com*, December 25, 2005.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013. [doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
1. David J. DeWitt and Michael Stonebraker: “[MapReduce: A Major Step Backwards](https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~billhowe/mapreduce_a_major_step_backwards.html),” originally published at *databasecolumn.vertica.com*, January 17, 2008.
@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免将中间状态写入 HDFS因此它们采取了
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Kafka, Samza, and the Unix Philosophy of Distributed Data](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2015/08/05/kafka-samza-unix-philosophy-distributed-data.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, August 5, 2015.
1. Doug McIlroy:[Internal Bell Labs memo](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/mdmpipe.pdf), October 1964. Cited in: Dennis M. Richie: “[Advice from Doug McIlroy](https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/mdmpipe.html),” *cm.bell-labs.com*.
1. M. D. McIlroy, E. N. Pinson, and B. A. Tague: “[UNIX Time-Sharing System: Foreword](https://archive.org/details/bstj57-6-1899),” *The Bell System Technical Journal*, volume 57, number 6, pages 18991904, July 1978.
1. Eric S. Raymond: *[The Art of UNIX Programming](http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/)*. Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-13-142901-7
1. Eric S. Raymond: [*The Art of UNIX Programming*](http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/). Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-13-142901-7
1. Ronald Duncan: “[Text File Formats ASCII Delimited Text Not CSV or TAB Delimited Text](https://ronaldduncan.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/text-file-formats-ascii-delimited-text-not-csv-or-tab-delimited-text/),” *ronaldduncan.wordpress.com*, October 31, 2009.
1. Alan Kay: “[Is 'Software Engineering' an Oxymoron?](http://tinlizzie.org/~takashi/IsSoftwareEngineeringAnOxymoron.pdf),” *tinlizzie.org*.
1. Martin Fowler: “[InversionOfControl](http://martinfowler.com/bliki/InversionOfControl.html),” *martinfowler.com*, June 26, 2005.
@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免将中间状态写入 HDFS因此它们采取了
1. Craig Chambers, Ashish Raniwala, Frances Perry, et al.: “[FlumeJava: Easy, Efficient Data-Parallel Pipelines](https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/35650.pdf),” at *31st ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation* (PLDI), June 2010. [doi:10.1145/1806596.1806638](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1806596.1806638)
1. Jay Kreps: “[Why Local State is a Fundamental Primitive in Stream Processing](https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/why-local-state-is-a-fundamental-primitive-in-stream-processing),” *oreilly.com*, July 31, 2014.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Rethinking Caching in Web Apps](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/10/01/rethinking-caching-in-web-apps.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, October 1, 2012.
1. Mark Grover, Ted Malaska, Jonathan Seidman, and Gwen Shapira: *[Hadoop Application Architectures](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033196.do)*. O'Reilly Media, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-491-90004-8
1. Mark Grover, Ted Malaska, Jonathan Seidman, and Gwen Shapira: [*Hadoop Application Architectures*](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033196.do). O'Reilly Media, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-491-90004-8
1. Philippe Ajoux, Nathan Bronson, Sanjeev Kumar, et al.: “[Challenges to Adopting Stronger Consistency at Scale](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotos15/hotos15-paper-ajoux.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. Sriranjan Manjunath: “[Skewed Join](https://wiki.apache.org/pig/PigSkewedJoinSpec),” *wiki.apache.org*, 2009.
1. David J. DeWitt, Jeffrey F. Naughton, Donovan A.Schneider, and S. Seshadri: “[Practical Skew Handling in Parallel Joins](http://www.vldb.org/conf/1992/P027.PDF),” at *18th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), August 1992.

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## 参考文献
1. Tyler Akidau, Robert Bradshaw, Craig Chambers, et al.: “[The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing](http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol8/p1792-Akidau.pdf),” *Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment*, volume 8, number 12, pages 17921803, August 2015. [doi:10.14778/2824032.2824076](http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2824032.2824076)
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1. Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman, and Julie Sussman: [*Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs*](https://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/), 2nd edition. MIT Press, 1996. ISBN: 978-0-262-51087-5, available online at *mitpress.mit.edu*
1. Patrick Th. Eugster, Pascal A. Felber, Rachid Guerraoui, and Anne-Marie Kermarrec: “[The Many Faces of Publish/Subscribe](http://www.cs.ru.nl/~pieter/oss/manyfaces.pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, volume 35, number 2, pages 114131, June 2003. [doi:10.1145/857076.857078](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/857076.857078)
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1. Joseph M. Hellerstein and Michael Stonebraker: [*Readings in Database Systems*](http://redbook.cs.berkeley.edu/), 4th edition. MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 978-0-262-69314-1, available online at *redbook.cs.berkeley.edu*
1. Don Carney, Uğur Çetintemel, Mitch Cherniack, et al.: “[Monitoring Streams A New Class of Data Management Applications](http://www.vldb.org/conf/2002/S07P02.pdf),” at *28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), August 2002.
1. Matthew Sackman: “[Pushing Back](http://www.lshift.net/blog/2016/05/05/pushing-back/),” *lshift.net*, May 5, 2016.
1. Vicent Martí: “[Brubeck, a statsd-Compatible Metrics Aggregator](http://githubengineering.com/brubeck/),” *githubengineering.com*, June 15, 2015.
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1. Pieter Hintjens: *[ZeroMQ The Guide](http://zguide.zeromq.org/page:all)*. O'Reilly Media, 2013. ISBN: 978-1-449-33404-8
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1. Jeff Lindsay: “[Web Hooks to Revolutionize the Web](https://web.archive.org/web/20180928201955/http://progrium.com/blog/2007/05/03/web-hooks-to-revolutionize-the-web/),” *progrium.com*, May 3, 2007.
@ -764,10 +764,10 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基于类似的想法来处理状态【78】。依赖幂等性
1. Neha Narkhede: “[Announcing Kafka Connect: Building Large-Scale Low-Latency Data Pipelines](http://www.confluent.io/blog/announcing-kafka-connect-building-large-scale-low-latency-data-pipelines),” *confluent.io*, February 18, 2016.
1. Greg Young: “[CQRS and Event Sourcing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHGkaShoyNs),” at *Code on the Beach*, August 2014.
1. Martin Fowler: “[Event Sourcing](http://martinfowler.com/eaaDev/EventSourcing.html),” *martinfowler.com*, December 12, 2005.
1. Vaughn Vernon: *[Implementing Domain-Driven Design](https://vaughnvernon.co/?page_id=168)*. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2013. ISBN: 978-0-321-83457-7
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1. Martin Kleppmann: *[Making Sense of Stream Processing](http://www.oreilly.com/data/free/stream-processing.csp)*. Report, O'Reilly Media, May 2016.
1. Martin Kleppmann: [*Making Sense of Stream Processing*](http://www.oreilly.com/data/free/stream-processing.csp). Report, O'Reilly Media, May 2016.
1. Sander Mak: “[Event-Sourced Architectures with Akka](http://www.slideshare.net/SanderMak/eventsourced-architectures-with-akka),” at *JavaOne*, September 2014.
1. Julian Hyde: [personal communication](https://twitter.com/julianhyde/status/743374145006641153), June 2016.
1. Ashish Gupta and Inderpal Singh Mumick: *Materialized Views: Techniques, Implementations, and Applications*. MIT Press, 1999. ISBN: 978-0-262-57122-7
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1. Matei Zaharia, Tathagata Das, Haoyuan Li, et al.: “[Discretized Streams: An Efficient and Fault-Tolerant Model for Stream Processing on Large Clusters](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotcloud12/hotcloud12-final28.pdf),” at *4th USENIX Conference in Hot Topics in Cloud Computing* (HotCloud), June 2012.
1. Kostas Tzoumas, Stephan Ewen, and Robert Metzger: “[High-Throughput, Low-Latency, and Exactly-Once Stream Processing with Apache Flink](http://data-artisans.com/high-throughput-low-latency-and-exactly-once-stream-processing-with-apache-flink/),” *data-artisans.com*, August 5, 2015.
1. Paris Carbone, Gyula Fóra, Stephan Ewen, et al.: “[Lightweight Asynchronous Snapshots for Distributed Dataflows](http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.08603),” arXiv:1506.08603 [cs.DC], June 29, 2015.
1. Ryan Betts and John Hugg: *[Fast Data: Smart and at Scale](http://www.oreilly.com/data/free/fast-data-smart-and-at-scale.csp)*. Report, O'Reilly Media, October 2015.
1. Ryan Betts and John Hugg: [*Fast Data: Smart and at Scale*](http://www.oreilly.com/data/free/fast-data-smart-and-at-scale.csp). Report, O'Reilly Media, October 2015.
1. Flavio Junqueira: “[Making Sense of Exactly-Once Semantics](http://conferences.oreilly.com/strata/hadoop-big-data-eu/public/schedule/detail/49690),” at *Strata+Hadoop World London*, June 2016.
1. Jason Gustafson, Flavio Junqueira, Apurva Mehta, Sriram Subramanian, and Guozhang Wang: “[KIP-98 Exactly Once Delivery and Transactional Messaging](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/KAFKA/KIP-98+-+Exactly+Once+Delivery+and+Transactional+Messaging),” *cwiki.apache.org*, November 2016.
1. Pat Helland: “[Idempotence Is Not a Medical Condition](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.401.1539&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 55, number 5, page 56, May 2012. [doi:10.1145/2160718.2160734](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2160718.2160734)

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1. “[Great Western Railway (18351948)](https://www.networkrail.co.uk/VirtualArchive/great-western/),” Network Rail Virtual Archive, *networkrail.co.uk*.
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@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ ACID 意义下的一致性(请参阅 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
1. Derek G Murray, Frank McSherry, Rebecca Isaacs, et al.: “[Naiad: A Timely Dataflow System](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/201100/naiad_sosp2013.pdf),” at *24th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), pages 439455, November 2013. [doi:10.1145/2517349.2522738](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2517349.2522738)
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1. Evan Czaplicki and Stephen Chong: “[Asynchronous Functional Reactive Programming for GUIs](http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~chong/pubs/pldi13-elm.pdf),” at *34th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation* (PLDI), June 2013. [doi:10.1145/2491956.2462161](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491956.2462161)
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@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ ACID 意义下的一致性(请参阅 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
1. Leigh Alexander: “[Is an Algorithm Any Less Racist Than a Human?](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/03/algorithm-racist-human-employers-work)” *theguardian.com*, August 3, 2016.
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1. Cathy O'Neil: *[Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy](https://weaponsofmathdestructionbook.com/)*. Crown Publishing, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-553-41881-1
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1. Julia Angwin: “[Make Algorithms Accountable](http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/01/opinion/make-algorithms-accountable.html),” *nytimes.com*, August 1, 2016.
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@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ ACID 意义下的一致性(请参阅 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
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@ -935,16 +935,16 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳转,但是 Datalog 一次只进行一
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@ -958,13 +958,13 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳转,但是 Datalog 一次只进行一
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@ -977,10 +977,10 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳转,但是 Datalog 一次只进行一
1. Steve Harris, Andy Seaborne, and Eric Prud'hommeaux: “[SPARQL 1.1 Query Language](http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/),” W3C Recommendation, March 2013.
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@ -611,31 +611,31 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -545,31 +545,31 @@ Actor 模型是单个进程中并发的编程模型。逻辑被封装在 actor
1. Jay Kreps: “[Putting Apache Kafka to Use: A Practical Guide to Building a Stream Data Platform (Part 2)](http://blog.confluent.io/2015/02/25/stream-data-platform-2/),” *blog.confluent.io*, February 25, 2015.
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1. Sam Newman: *Building Microservices*. O'Reilly Media, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-491-95035-7
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1. Roy Thomas Fielding: “[Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-Based Software Architectures](https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/fielding_dissertation.pdf),” PhD Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2000.
1. Roy Thomas Fielding: “[REST APIs Must Be Hypertext-Driven](http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven),” *roy.gbiv.com*, October 20 2008.
1. “[REST in Peace, SOAP](http://royal.pingdom.com/2010/10/15/rest-in-peace-soap/),” *royal.pingdom.com*, October 15, 2010.
1. “[REST in Peace, SOAP](https://royal.pingdom.com/rest-in-peace-soap/),” *royal.pingdom.com*, October 15, 2010.
1. “[Web Services Standards as of Q1 2007](https://www.innoq.com/resources/ws-standards-poster/),” *innoq.com*, February 2007.
1. Pete Lacey: “[The S Stands for Simple](http://harmful.cat-v.org/software/xml/soap/simple),” *harmful.cat-v.org*, November 15, 2006.
1. Stefan Tilkov: “[Interview: Pete Lacey Criticizes Web Services](http://www.infoq.com/articles/pete-lacey-ws-criticism),” *infoq.com*, December 12, 2006.
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1. Michi Henning: “[The Rise and Fall of CORBA](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1142044),” *ACM Queue*, volume 4, number 5, pages 2834, June 2006. [doi:10.1145/1142031.1142044](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1142031.1142044)
1. Michi Henning: “[The Rise and Fall of CORBA](https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2008/8/5336-the-rise-and-fall-of-corba/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 51, number 8, pages 5257, August 2008. [doi:10.1145/1378704.1378718](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1378704.1378718)
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1. Jim Waldo, Geoff Wyant, Ann Wollrath, and Sam Kendall: “[A Note on Distributed Computing](http://m.mirror.facebook.net/kde/devel/smli_tr-94-29.pdf),” Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Inc., Technical Report TR-94-29, November 1994.
1. Steve Vinoski: “[Convenience over Correctness](http://steve.vinoski.net/pdf/IEEE-Convenience_Over_Correctness.pdf),” *IEEE Internet Computing*, volume 12, number 4, pages 8992, July 2008. [doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.75](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2008.75)
1. Marius Eriksen: “[Your Server as a Function](http://monkey.org/~marius/funsrv.pdf),” at *7th Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems* (PLOS), November 2013. [doi:10.1145/2525528.2525538](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2525528.2525538)
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1. “[gRPC concepts](https://grpc.io/docs/guides/concepts/),” The Linux Foundation, *grpc.io*.
1. Aditya Narayan and Irina Singh: “[Designing and Versioning Compatible Web Services](https://web.archive.org/web/20141016000136/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/library/techarticles/0705_narayan/0705_narayan.html),” *ibm.com*, March 28, 2007.
1. Troy Hunt: “[Your API Versioning Is Wrong, Which Is Why I Decided to Do It 3 Different Wrong Ways](http://www.troyhunt.com/2014/02/your-api-versioning-is-wrong-which-is.html),” *troyhunt.com*, February 10, 2014.
1. “[API Upgrades](https://stripe.com/docs/upgrades),” Stripe, Inc., April 2015.
1. Jonas Bonér: “[Upgrade in an Akka Cluster](http://grokbase.com/t/gg/akka-user/138wd8j9e3/upgrade-in-an-akka-cluster),” email to *akka-user* mailing list, *grokbase.com*, August 28, 2013.
1. Philip A. Bernstein, Sergey Bykov, Alan Geller, et al.: “[Orleans: Distributed Virtual Actors for Programmability and Scalability](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/210931/Orleans-MSR-TR-2014-41.pdf),” Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2014-41, March 2014.
1. Philip A. Bernstein, Sergey Bykov, Alan Geller, et al.: “[Orleans: Distributed Virtual Actors for Programmability and Scalability](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/orleans-distributed-virtual-actors-for-programmability-and-scalability/),” Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2014-41, March 2014.
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1. David Mercer, Sean Hinde, Yinso Chen, and Richard A O'Keefe: “[beginner: Updating Data Structures](http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2007-October/030318.html),” email thread on *erlang-questions* mailing list, *erlang.com*, October 29, 2007.
1. Fred Hebert: “[Postscript: Maps](http://learnyousomeerlang.com/maps),” *learnyousomeerlang.com*, April 9, 2014.

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@ -790,19 +790,19 @@ LWW 实现了最终收敛的目标,但以 **持久性** 为代价:如果同
1. Shirshanka Das, Chavdar Botev, Kapil Surlaker, et al.: “[All Aboard the Databus!](http://www.socc2012.org/s18-das.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012.
1. Greg Sabino Mullane: “[Version 5 of Bucardo Database Replication System](http://blog.endpoint.com/2014/06/bucardo-5-multimaster-postgres-released.html),” *blog.endpoint.com*, June 23, 2014.
1. Werner Vogels: “[Eventually Consistent](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1466448),” *ACM Queue*, volume 6, number 6, pages 1419, October 2008. [doi:10.1145/1466443.1466448](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1466443.1466448)
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1. Douglas B. Terry: “[Replicated Data Consistency Explained Through Baseball](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/replicated-data-consistency-explained-through-baseball/),” Microsoft Research, Technical Report MSR-TR-2011-137, October 2011.
1. Douglas B. Terry, Alan J. Demers, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Session Guarantees for Weakly Consistent Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.71.2269&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *3rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Information Systems* (PDIS), September 1994. [doi:10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PDIS.1994.331722)
1. Terry Pratchett: *Reaper Man: A Discworld Novel*. Victor Gollancz, 1991. ISBN: 978-0-575-04979-6
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1. “[Tungsten Replicator](https://github.com/holys/tungsten-replicator),” *github.com*.
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1. Robert Hodges: “[If You *Must* Deploy Multi-Master Replication, Read This First](http://scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/if-you-must-deploy-multi-master.html),” *scale-out-blog.blogspot.co.uk*, March 30, 2012.
1. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater: *CouchDB: The Definitive Guide*. O'Reilly Media, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-596-15589-6
1. AppJet, Inc.: “[Etherpad and EasySync Technical Manual](https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/blob/e2ce9dc/doc/easysync/easysync-full-description.pdf),” *github.com*, March 26, 2011.
1. John Day-Richter: “[Whats Different About the New Google Docs: Making Collaboration Fast](http://googledrive.blogspot.com/2010/09/whats-different-about-new-google-docs.html),” *googledrive.blogspot.com*, 23 September 2010.
1. John Day-Richter: “[Whats Different About the New Google Docs: Making Collaboration Fast](https://drive.googleblog.com/2010/09/whats-different-about-new-google-docs.html),” *drive.googleblog.com*, September 23, 2010.
1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),” arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
1. Frazer Clement: “[Eventual Consistency Detecting Conflicts](http://messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/eventual-consistency-detecting.html),” *messagepassing.blogspot.co.uk*, October 20, 2011.
1. Robert Hodges: “[State of the Art for MySQL Multi-Master Replication](https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sessions/state-art-mysql-multi-master-replication),” at *Percona Live: MySQL Conference & Expo*, April 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Robert Hodges: “[State of the Art for MySQL Multi-Master Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010052017/https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sites/default/files/slides/mysql-multi-master-state-of-art-2013-04-24_0.pdf),” at *Percona Live: MySQL Conference & Expo*, April 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](https://riak.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *riak.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Riley Berton: “[Is Bi-Directional Replication (BDR) in Postgres Transactional?](http://sdf.org/~riley/blog/2016/01/04/is-bi-directional-replication-bdr-in-postgres-transactional/),” *sdf.org*, January 4, 2016.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski: “[A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types](http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/),” INRIA Research Report no. 7506, January 2011.
@ -811,22 +811,22 @@ LWW 实现了最终收敛的目标,但以 **持久性** 为代价:如果同
1. Benjamin Farinier, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy: “[Mergeable Persistent Data Structures](http://gazagnaire.org/pub/FGM15.pdf),” at *26es Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs* (JFLA), January 2015.
1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
1. Lars Hofhansl: “[HBASE-7709: Infinite Loop Possible in Master/Master Replication](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-7709),” *issues.apache.org*, January 29, 2013.
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.7698),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~15-749/READINGS/required/availability/gifford79.pdf),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](https://web.archive.org/web/20190919171316/http://lists.basho.com:80/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Modern Hinted Handoff](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/modern-hinted-handoff),” *datastax.com*, December 11, 2012.
1. “[Project Voldemort Wiki](https://github.com/voldemort/voldemort/wiki),” *github.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache Cassandra 2.0 Documentation](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cassandra/2.0/index.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. “[Apache Cassandra Documentation](https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/),” Apache Software Foundation, *cassandra.apache.org*.
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20150513041837/http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](http://basho.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://speakerdeck.com/seancribbs/a-brief-history-of-time-in-riak),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](https://riak.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)

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@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ Couchbase 不会自动进行再平衡,这简化了设计。通常情况下,
1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
1. “[Introduction to Cassandra Query Language](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cql/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](http://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
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1. “[Riak 1.4.8 Docs](http://docs.basho.com/riak/1.4.8/),” Basho Technologies, Inc., 2014.
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6
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@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
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1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](https://research.google/pubs/pub39966/),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. M. Caporaloni and R. Ambrosini: “[How Closely Can a Personal Computer Clock Track the UTC Timescale Via the Internet?](https://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/4/103/),” *European Journal of Physics*, volume 23, number 4, pages L17L21, June 2012. [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103)
1. Nelson Minar: “[A Survey of the NTP Network](http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/ntp-survey99/),” *alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
1. Viliam Holub: “[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
@ -708,9 +708,9 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),” European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015.
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1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
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1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.: “[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
1. Justin Sheehy: “[There Is No Now: Problems With Simultaneity in Distributed Systems](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385),” *ACM Queue*, volume 13, number 3, pages 3641, March 2015. [doi:10.1145/2733108](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733108)
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2
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@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小伙伴们可以看作是成员资格服务membership se
1. Peter Bailis: “[Causality Is Expensive (and What to Do About It)](http://www.bailis.org/blog/causality-is-expensive-and-what-to-do-about-it/),” *bailis.org*, February 5, 2014.
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@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ Later in the book, in [Part III](part-iii.md), we will look at patterns for syst
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## References
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@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ In the next chapter, we will turn to stream processing, in which the input is *u
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@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ In the next chapter, we will turn to stream processing, in which the input is *u
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@ -71,14 +71,14 @@ Finally, we discussed techniques for achieving fault tolerance and exactly-once
## References
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@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ Finally, we discussed techniques for achieving fault tolerance and exactly-once
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@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ Finally, we discussed techniques for achieving fault tolerance and exactly-once
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@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ We have to leave it there for now. In the next chapter we will discuss some of t
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@ -56,31 +56,31 @@ Although this chapter couldnt make you an expert in tuning any one particular
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@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Although this chapter couldnt make you an expert in tuning any one particular
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@ -89,31 +89,31 @@ We can conclude that with a bit of care, backward/forward compatibility and roll
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@ -116,19 +116,19 @@ In the next chapter we will continue looking at data that is distributed across
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@ -137,21 +137,21 @@ In the next chapter we will continue looking at data that is distributed across
1. Benjamin Farinier, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy: “[Mergeable Persistent Data Structures](http://gazagnaire.org/pub/FGM15.pdf),” at *26es Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs* (JFLA), January 2015.
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1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.7698),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
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1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
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1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
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1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](http://basho.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://speakerdeck.com/seancribbs/a-brief-history-of-time-in-riak),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
1. Russell Brown: “[Vector Clocks Revisited Part 2: Dotted Version Vectors](https://riak.com/posts/technical/vector-clocks-revisited-part-2-dotted-version-vectors/),” *basho.com*, November 10, 2015.
1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)

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@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ By design, every partition operates mostly independently—thats what allows
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@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ This chapter has been all about problems, and has given us a bleak outlook. In t
1. John Graham-Cumming: “[How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-and-why-the-leap-second-affected-cloudflare-dns/),” *blog.cloudflare.com*, January 1, 2017.
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@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ This chapter has been all about problems, and has given us a bleak outlook. In t
1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),” European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015.
1. Luke Bigum: “[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
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1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.: “[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
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1. Murat Demirbas: “[Spanner: Google's Globally-Distributed Database](http://muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/spanner-googles-globally-distributed_4.html),” *muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.

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@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ This brings us to the end of [Part II](part-ii.md) of this book, in which we cov
1. Peter Bailis: “[Causality Is Expensive (and What to Do About It)](http://www.bailis.org/blog/causality-is-expensive-and-what-to-do-about-it/),” *bailis.org*, February 5, 2014.
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1. Rob Conery: “[A Better ID Generator for PostgreSQL](http://rob.conery.io/2014/05/29/a-better-id-generator-for-postgresql/),” *rob.conery.io*, May 29, 2014.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
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1. Hagit Attiya and Jennifer Welch: *Distributed Computing: Fundamentals, Simulations and Advanced Topics*, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. ISBN: 978-0-471-45324-6, [doi:10.1002/0471478210](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471478210)
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@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免將中間狀態寫入 HDFS因此它們採取了
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@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免將中間狀態寫入 HDFS因此它們採取了
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@ -722,14 +722,14 @@ Storm 的 Trident 基於類似的想法來處理狀態【78】。依賴冪等性
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@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ ACID 意義下的一致性(請參閱 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
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@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ ACID 意義下的一致性(請參閱 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
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@ -977,10 +977,10 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳轉,但是 Datalog 一次只進行一
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@ -611,31 +611,31 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ WHERE product_sk = 31 AND store_sk = 3
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@ -790,19 +790,19 @@ LWW 實現了最終收斂的目標,但以 **永續性** 為代價:如果同
1. Shirshanka Das, Chavdar Botev, Kapil Surlaker, et al.: “[All Aboard the Databus!](http://www.socc2012.org/s18-das.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012.
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1. Martin Kleppmann and Alastair R. Beresford: “[A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype](http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03960),” arXiv:1608.03960, August 13, 2016.
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1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Robert Hodges: “[State of the Art for MySQL Multi-Master Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010052017/https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sites/default/files/slides/mysql-multi-master-state-of-art-2013-04-24_0.pdf),” at *Percona Live: MySQL Conference & Expo*, April 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](https://riak.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *riak.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Riley Berton: “[Is Bi-Directional Replication (BDR) in Postgres Transactional?](http://sdf.org/~riley/blog/2016/01/04/is-bi-directional-replication-bdr-in-postgres-transactional/),” *sdf.org*, January 4, 2016.
1. Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, et al.: “[Dynamo: Amazon's Highly Available Key-Value Store](http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf),” at *21st ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), October 2007.
1. Marc Shapiro, Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski: “[A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types](http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00555588/),” INRIA Research Report no. 7506, January 2011.
@ -811,22 +811,22 @@ LWW 實現了最終收斂的目標,但以 **永續性** 為代價:如果同
1. Benjamin Farinier, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy: “[Mergeable Persistent Data Structures](http://gazagnaire.org/pub/FGM15.pdf),” at *26es Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs* (JFLA), January 2015.
1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
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1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](https://web.archive.org/web/20190919171316/http://lists.basho.com:80/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
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1. “[Project Voldemort Wiki](https://github.com/voldemort/voldemort/wiki),” *github.com*, 2013.
1. “[Apache Cassandra 2.0 Documentation](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/cassandra/2.0/index.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
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1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
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1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHkKPdOi-ZU),” at *RICON*, October 2014.
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1. Carlos Baquero: “[Version Vectors Are Not Vector Clocks](https://haslab.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/version-vectors-are-not-vector-clocks/),” *haslab.wordpress.com*, July 8, 2011.
1. Reinhard Schwarz and Friedemann Mattern: “[Detecting Causal Relationships in Distributed Computations: In Search of the Holy Grail](http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/hs08/seminar/papers/mattern4.pdf),” *Distributed Computing*, volume 7, number 3, pages 149174, March 1994. [doi:10.1007/BF02277859](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277859)

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@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ Couchbase 不會自動進行再平衡,這簡化了設計。通常情況下,
1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
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1. “[Riak 1.4.8 Docs](http://docs.basho.com/riak/1.4.8/),” Basho Technologies, Inc., 2014.
1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.

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@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ Web 應用程式確實需要預期受終端使用者控制的客戶端(如 Web
1. John Graham-Cumming: “[How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-and-why-the-leap-second-affected-cloudflare-dns/),” *blog.cloudflare.com*, January 1, 2017.
1. David Holmes: “[Inside the Hotspot VM: Clocks, Timers and Scheduling Events Part I Windows](https://blogs.oracle.com/dholmes/entry/inside_the_hotspot_vm_clocks),” *blogs.oracle.com*, October 2, 2006.
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1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](https://research.google/pubs/pub39966/),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. M. Caporaloni and R. Ambrosini: “[How Closely Can a Personal Computer Clock Track the UTC Timescale Via the Internet?](https://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/4/103/),” *European Journal of Physics*, volume 23, number 4, pages L17L21, June 2012. [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103)
1. Nelson Minar: “[A Survey of the NTP Network](http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/ntp-survey99/),” *alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
1. Viliam Holub: “[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
@ -708,9 +708,9 @@ Web 應用程式確實需要預期受終端使用者控制的客戶端(如 Web
1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),” European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015.
1. Luke Bigum: “[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](https://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](https://riak.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *riak.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.: “[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
1. Justin Sheehy: “[There Is No Now: Problems With Simultaneity in Distributed Systems](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385),” *ACM Queue*, volume 13, number 3, pages 3641, March 2015. [doi:10.1145/2733108](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733108)
1. Murat Demirbas: “[Spanner: Google's Globally-Distributed Database](http://muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/spanner-googles-globally-distributed_4.html),” *muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.

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@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小夥伴們可以看作是成員資格服務membership se
1. Peter Bailis: “[Causality Is Expensive (and What to Do About It)](http://www.bailis.org/blog/causality-is-expensive-and-what-to-do-about-it/),” *bailis.org*, February 5, 2014.
1. Ricardo Gonçalves, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, Carlos Baquero, and Victor Fonte: “[Concise Server-Wide Causality Management for Eventually Consistent Data Stores](http://haslab.uminho.pt/tome/files/global_logical_clocks.pdf),” at *15th IFIP International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems* (DAIS), June 2015. [doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19129-4_6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19129-4_6)
1. Rob Conery: “[A Better ID Generator for PostgreSQL](http://rob.conery.io/2014/05/29/a-better-id-generator-for-postgresql/),” *rob.conery.io*, May 29, 2014.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Xavier Défago, André Schiper, and Péter Urbán: “[Total Order Broadcast and Multicast Algorithms: Taxonomy and Survey](https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10119/4883/1/defago_et_al.pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, volume 36, number 4, pages 372421, December 2004. [doi:10.1145/1041680.1041682](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1041680.1041682)
1. Hagit Attiya and Jennifer Welch: *Distributed Computing: Fundamentals, Simulations and Advanced Topics*, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. ISBN: 978-0-471-45324-6, [doi:10.1002/0471478210](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471478210)
1. Mahesh Balakrishnan, Dahlia Malkhi, Vijayan Prabhakaran, et al.: “[CORFU: A Shared Log Design for Flash Clusters](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi12/nsdi12-final30.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), April 2012.