update broken links from ept's repo

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Gang Yin 2025-04-25 15:57:51 +08:00
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@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免将中间状态写入 HDFS因此它们采取了
1. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat: “[MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters](https://research.google/pubs/pub62/),” at *6th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), December 2004.
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1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013. [doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
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@ -942,11 +942,11 @@ ACID 意义下的一致性(请参阅 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
1. Sudhir Jorwekar, Alan Fekete, Krithi Ramamritham, and S. Sudarshan: “[Automating the Detection of Snapshot Isolation Anomalies](http://www.vldb.org/conf/2007/papers/industrial/p1263-jorwekar.pdf),” at *33rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2007.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: [Jepsen blog post series](https://aphyr.com/tags/jepsen), *aphyr.com*, 20132016.
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1. Alex Yarmula: “[Strong Consistency in Manhattan](https://blog.twitter.com/2016/strong-consistency-in-manhattan),” *blog.twitter.com*, March 17, 2016.
1. Douglas B Terry, Marvin M Theimer, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Managing Update Conflicts in Bayou, a Weakly Connected Replicated Storage System](http://css.csail.mit.edu/6.824/2014/papers/bayou-conflicts.pdf),” at *15th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), pages 172182, December 1995. [doi:10.1145/224056.224070](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/224056.224070)
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1. Jim Gray: “[The Transaction Concept: Virtues and Limitations](http://jimgray.azurewebsites.net/papers/thetransactionconcept.pdf),” at *7th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 1981.
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1. Pat Helland: “[Memories, Guesses, and Apologies](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/pathelland/archive/2007/05/15/memories-guesses-and-apologies.aspx),” *blogs.msdn.com*, May 15, 2007.
1. Yoongu Kim, Ross Daly, Jeremie Kim, et al.: “[Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors](https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~yoonguk/papers/kim-isca14.pdf),” at *41st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture* (ISCA), June 2014. [doi:10.1145/2678373.2665726](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2678373.2665726)

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ch2.md
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@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳转,但是 Datalog 一次只进行一
1. Sarah Mei: “[Why You Should Never Use MongoDB](http://www.sarahmei.com/blog/2013/11/11/why-you-should-never-use-mongodb/),” *sarahmei.com*, November 11, 2013.
1. J. S. Knowles and D. M. R. Bell: “The CODASYL Model,” in *Databases—Role and Structure: An Advanced Course*, edited by P. M. Stocker, P. M. D. Gray, and M. P. Atkinson, pages 1956, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN: 978-0-521-25430-4
1. Charles W. Bachman: “[The Programmer as Navigator](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362534),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 16, number 11, pages 653658, November 1973. [doi:10.1145/355611.362534](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/355611.362534)
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](https://dsf.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Sandeep Parikh and Kelly Stirman: “[Schema Design for Time Series Data in MongoDB](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/65517193370/schema-design-for-time-series-data-in-mongodb),” *blog.mongodb.org*, October 30, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler: “[Schemaless Data Structures](http://martinfowler.com/articles/schemaless/),” *martinfowler.com*, January 7, 2013.
1. Amr Awadallah: “[Schema-on-Read vs. Schema-on-Write](http://www.slideshare.net/awadallah/schemaonread-vs-schemaonwrite),” at *Berkeley EECS RAD Lab Retreat*, Santa Cruz, CA, May 2009.

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@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ LWW 实现了最终收敛的目标,但以 **持久性** 为代价:如果同
1. Chengzheng Sun and Clarence Ellis: “[Operational Transformation in Real-Time Group Editors: Issues, Algorithms, and Achievements](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.53.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work* (CSCW), November 1998.
1. Lars Hofhansl: “[HBASE-7709: Infinite Loop Possible in Master/Master Replication](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-7709),” *issues.apache.org*, January 29, 2013.
1. David K. Gifford: “[Weighted Voting for Replicated Data](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~15-749/READINGS/required/availability/gifford79.pdf),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1979. [doi:10.1145/800215.806583](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800215.806583)
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/7094/pdf/LIPIcs-OPODIS-2016-25.pdf),” at *20th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems* (OPODIS), December 2016. [doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25](http://dx.doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25)
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](https://web.archive.org/web/20190919171316/http://lists.basho.com:80/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ LWW 实现了最终收敛的目标,但以 **持久性** 为代价:如果同
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20150513041837/http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/time-clocks-ordering-events-distributed-system/),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](https://web.archive.org/web/20161023195905/http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://speakerdeck.com/seancribbs/a-brief-history-of-time-in-riak),” at *RICON*, October 2014.

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@ -328,24 +328,24 @@ Couchbase 不会自动进行再平衡,这简化了设计。通常情况下,
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1. MongoDB, Inc.: “[New Hash-Based Sharding Feature in MongoDB 2.4](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/47633823714/new-hash-based-sharding-feature-in-mongodb-24),” *blog.mongodb.org*, April 10, 2013.
1. MongoDB, Inc.: “[New Hash-Based Sharding Feature in MongoDB 2.4](https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/new-hash-based-sharding-feature-in-mongodb-24),” *blog.mongodb.org*, April 10, 2013.
1. Ikai Lan: “[App Engine Datastore Tip: Monotonically Increasing Values Are Bad](http://ikaisays.com/2011/01/25/app-engine-datastore-tip-monotonically-increasing-values-are-bad/),” *ikaisays.com*, January 25, 2011.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Java's hashCode Is Not Safe for Distributed Systems](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/06/18/java-hashcode-unsafe-for-distributed-systems.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, June 18, 2012.
1. David Karger, Eric Lehman, Tom Leighton, et al.: “[Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web](http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdf),” at *29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing* (STOC), pages 654663, 1997. [doi:10.1145/258533.258660](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258533.258660)
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1. Eric Redmond: “[A Little Riak Book](http://littleriakbook.com/),” Version 1.4.0, Basho Technologies, September 2013.
1. Eric Redmond: “[A Little Riak Book](https://web.archive.org/web/20160807123307/http://www.littleriakbook.com/),” Version 1.4.0, Basho Technologies, September 2013.
1. “[Couchbase 2.5 Administrator Guide](http://docs.couchbase.com/couchbase-manual-2.5/cb-admin/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
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1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](https://docs.datastax.com/en/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *docs.datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
1. “[Introduction to Cassandra Query Language](https://docs.datastax.com/en/cql-oss/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html),” DataStax, Inc., 2014.
1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041636/https://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/?europe=true),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
1. “[Riak 1.4.8 Docs](http://docs.basho.com/riak/1.4.8/),” Basho Technologies, Inc., 2014.
1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.
1. “[Riak KV Docs](https://docs.riak.com/riak/kv/latest/index.html),” *docs.riak.com*.
1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](https://web.archive.org/web/20190831132955/http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](https://www.elastic.co/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elastic.co*, June 3, 2013.
1. “[Apache Solr Reference Guide](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/solr/Apache+Solr+Reference+Guide),” Apache Software Foundation, 2014.
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1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](https://web.archive.org/web/20150926053350/http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
1. Donald K. Burleson: “[Object Partitioning in Oracle](http://www.dba-oracle.com/art_partit.htm),”*dba-oracle.com*, November 8, 2000.
1. Eric Evans: “[Rethinking Topology in Cassandra](http://www.slideshare.net/jericevans/virtual-nodes-rethinking-topology-in-cassandra),” at *ApacheCon Europe*, November 2012.
1. Rafał Kuć: “[Reroute API Explained](http://elasticsearchserverbook.com/reroute-api-explained/),” *elasticsearchserverbook.com*, September 30, 2013.
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ Couchbase 不会自动进行再平衡,这简化了设计。通常情况下,
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
1. Kishore Gopalakrishna, Shi Lu, Zhen Zhang, et al.: “[Untangling Cluster Management with Helix](http://www.socc2012.org/helix_onecol.pdf?attredirects=0),” at *ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2012. [doi:10.1145/2391229.2391248](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2391229.2391248)
1. “[Moxi 1.8 Manual](http://docs.couchbase.com/moxi-manual-1.8/),” Couchbase, Inc., 2014.
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
------

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@ -899,24 +899,24 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
1. Don Allison: “[SSD Storage Ignorance of Technology Is No Excuse](https://blog.korelogic.com/blog/2015/03/24),” *blog.korelogic.com*, March 24, 2015.
1. Dave Scherer: “[Those Are Not Transactions (Cassandra 2.0)](http://web.archive.org/web/20150526065247/http://blog.foundationdb.com/those-are-not-transactions-cassandra-2-0),” *blog.foundationdb.com*, September 6, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](http://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. “[ACID Support in Aerospike](http://www.aerospike.com/docs/architecture/assets/AerospikeACIDSupport.pdf),” Aerospike, Inc., June 2014.
1. “[ACID Support in Aerospike](https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002118/https://www.aerospike.com/docs/architecture/assets/AerospikeACIDSupport.pdf),” Aerospike, Inc., June 2014.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Hermitage: Testing the 'I' in ACID](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2014/11/25/hermitage-testing-the-i-in-acid.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, November 25, 2014.
1. Tristan D'Agosta: “[BTC Stolen from Poloniex](https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=499580),” *bitcointalk.org*, March 4, 2014.
1. bitcointhief2: “[How I Stole Roughly 100 BTC from an Exchange and How I Could Have Stolen More!](http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1wtbiu/how_i_stole_roughly_100_btc_from_an_exchange_and/),” *reddit.com*, February 2, 2014.
1. Sudhir Jorwekar, Alan Fekete, Krithi Ramamritham, and S. Sudarshan: “[Automating the Detection of Snapshot Isolation Anomalies](http://www.vldb.org/conf/2007/papers/industrial/p1263-jorwekar.pdf),” at *33rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2007.
1. Michael Melanson: “[Transactions: The Limits of Isolation](http://www.michaelmelanson.net/2014/03/20/transactions/),” *michaelmelanson.net*, March 20, 2014.
1. Hal Berenson, Philip A. Bernstein, Jim N. Gray, et al.: “[A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/69541/tr-95-51.pdf),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), May 1995.
1. Michael Melanson: “[Transactions: The Limits of Isolation](https://www.michaelmelanson.net/transactions-the-limits-of-isolation/),” *michaelmelanson.net*, November 30, 2014.
1. Hal Berenson, Philip A. Bernstein, Jim N. Gray, et al.: “[A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/tr-95-51.pdf),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), May 1995.
1. Atul Adya: “[Weak Consistency: A Generalized Theory and Optimistic Implementations for Distributed Transactions](http://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/adya-phd.pdf),” PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1999.
1. Peter Bailis, Aaron Davidson, Alan Fekete, et al.: “[Highly Available Transactions: Virtues and Limitations (Extended Version)](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.0309.pdf),” at *40th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2014.
1. Bruce Momjian: “[MVCC Unmasked](http://momjian.us/main/presentations/internals.html#mvcc),” *momjian.us*, July 2014.
1. Annamalai Gurusami: “[Repeatable Read Isolation Level in InnoDB How Consistent Read View Works](https://blogs.oracle.com/mysqlinnodb/entry/repeatable_read_isolation_level_in),” *blogs.oracle.com*, January 15, 2013.
1. Annamalai Gurusami: “[Repeatable Read Isolation Level in InnoDB How Consistent Read View Works](https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080947/https://blogs.oracle.com/mysqlinnodb/entry/repeatable_read_isolation_level_in),” *blogs.oracle.com*, January 15, 2013.
1. Nikita Prokopov: “[Unofficial Guide to Datomic Internals](http://tonsky.me/blog/unofficial-guide-to-datomic-internals/),” *tonsky.me*, May 6, 2014.
1. Baron Schwartz: “[Immutability, MVCC, and Garbage Collection](http://www.xaprb.com/blog/2013/12/28/immutability-mvcc-and-garbage-collection/),” *xaprb.com*, December 28, 2013.
1. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater: *CouchDB: The Definitive Guide*. O'Reilly Media, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-596-15589-6
1. Rikdeb Mukherjee: “[Isolation in DB2 (Repeatable Read, Read Stability, Cursor Stability, Uncommitted Read) with Examples](http://mframes.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/isolation-in-cursor.html),” *mframes.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.
1. Steve Hilker: “[Cursor Stability (CS) IBM DB2 Community](http://www.toadworld.com/platforms/ibmdb2/w/wiki/6661.cursor-stability-cs.aspx),” *toadworld.com*, March 14, 2013.
1. Nate Wiger: “[An Atomic Rant](http://www.nateware.com/an-atomic-rant.html),” *nateware.com*, February 18, 2010.
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1. Dan R. K. Ports and Kevin Grittner: “[Serializable Snapshot Isolation in PostgreSQL](http://drkp.net/papers/ssi-vldb12.pdf),” at *38th International Conference on Very Large Databases* (VLDB), August 2012.
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@ -924,10 +924,10 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
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1. D. Z. Badal: “[Correctness of Concurrency Control and Implications in Distributed Databases](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/762563/),” at *3rd International IEEE Computer Software and Applications Conference* (COMPSAC), November 1979.
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@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
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@ -678,35 +678,35 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
1. Salvatore Sanfilippo: “[A Few Arguments About Redis Sentinel Properties and Fail Scenarios](http://antirez.com/news/80),” *antirez.com*, October 21, 2014.
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1. Nicolas Liochon: “[CAP: If All You Have Is a Timeout, Everything Looks Like a Partition](http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/05/CAP-theorem-partition-timeout-zookeeper.html),” *blog.thislongrun.com*, May 25, 2015.
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1. Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark: “[End-To-End Arguments in System Design](https://groups.csail.mit.edu/ana/Publications/PubPDFs/End-to-End%20Arguments%20in%20System%20Design.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 2, number 4, pages 277288, November 1984. [doi:10.1145/357401.357402](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357401.357402)
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1. Naohiro Hayashibara, Xavier Défago, Rami Yared, and Takuya Katayama: “[The ϕ Accrual Failure Detector](http://hdl.handle.net/10119/4784),” Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information Science, Technical Report IS-RR-2004-010, May 2004.
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1. Cisco, “[Integrated Services Digital Network](http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network),” *docwiki.cisco.com*.
1. Cisco, “[Integrated Services Digital Network](https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220921/http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network),” *docwiki.cisco.com*.
1. Othmar Kyas: *ATM Networks*. International Thomson Publishing, 1995. ISBN: 978-1-850-32128-6
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1. Ulrich Windl, David Dalton, Marc Martinec, and Dale R. Worley: “[The NTP FAQ and HOWTO](http://www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-a-faq.htm),” *ntp.org*, November 2006.
1. John Graham-Cumming: “[How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-and-why-the-leap-second-affected-cloudflare-dns/),” *blog.cloudflare.com*, January 1, 2017.
1. David Holmes: “[Inside the Hotspot VM: Clocks, Timers and Scheduling Events Part I Windows](https://blogs.oracle.com/dholmes/entry/inside_the_hotspot_vm_clocks),” *blogs.oracle.com*, October 2, 2006.
1. David Holmes: “[Inside the Hotspot VM: Clocks, Timers and Scheduling Events Part I Windows](https://web.archive.org/web/20160308031939/https://blogs.oracle.com/dholmes/entry/inside_the_hotspot_vm_clocks),” *blogs.oracle.com*, October 2, 2006.
1. Steve Loughran: “[Time on Multi-Core, Multi-Socket Servers](http://steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/time-on-multi-core-multi-socket-servers.html),” *steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk*, September 17, 2015.
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Googles Globally-Distributed Database](https://research.google/pubs/pub39966/),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. M. Caporaloni and R. Ambrosini: “[How Closely Can a Personal Computer Clock Track the UTC Timescale Via the Internet?](https://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/4/103/),” *European Journal of Physics*, volume 23, number 4, pages L17L21, June 2012. [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103)
1. Nelson Minar: “[A Survey of the NTP Network](http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/ntp-survey99/),” *alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
1. Viliam Holub: “[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
1. Viliam Holub: “[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 The Problem](https://blog.rapid7.com/2014/03/14/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.rapid7.com*, March 14, 2014.
1. Poul-Henning Kamp: “[The One-Second War (What Time Will You Die?)](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1967009),” *ACM Queue*, volume 9, number 4, pages 4448, April 2011. [doi:10.1145/1966989.1967009](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1966989.1967009)
1. Nelson Minar: “[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
1. Christopher Pascoe: “[Time, Technology and Leaping Seconds](http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html),” *googleblog.blogspot.co.uk*, September 15, 2011.
1. Mingxue Zhao and Jeff Barr: “[Look Before You Leap The Coming Leap Second and AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/look-before-you-leap-the-coming-leap-second-and-aws/),” *aws.amazon.com*, May 18, 2015.
1. Darryl Veitch and Kanthaiah Vijayalayan: “[Network Timing and the 2015 Leap Second](http://crin.eng.uts.edu.au/~darryl/Publications/LeapSecond_camera.pdf),” at *17th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement* (PAM), April 2016. [doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29)
1. “[Timekeeping in VMware Virtual Machines](http://www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/238),” Information Guide, VMware, Inc., December 2011.
1. “[Timekeeping in VMware Virtual Machines](https://www.vmware.com/content/dam/digitalmarketing/vmware/en/pdf/techpaper/Timekeeping-In-VirtualMachines.pdf),” Information Guide, VMware, Inc., December 2011.
1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),” European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015.
1. Luke Bigum: “[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
1. Luke Bigum: “[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170704030310/https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](https://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](https://riak.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *riak.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013.
@ -718,9 +718,9 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
1. Manuel Bravo, Nuno Diegues, Jingna Zeng, et al.: “[On the Use of Clocks to Enforce Consistency in the Cloud](http://sites.computer.org/debull/A15mar/p18.pdf),” *IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin*, volume 38, number 1, pages 1831, March 2015.
1. Spencer Kimball: “[Living Without Atomic Clocks](http://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/living-without-atomic-clocks/),” *cockroachlabs.com*, February 17, 2016.
1. Cary G. Gray and David R. Cheriton:“[Leases: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Distributed File Cache Consistency](http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/89-leases.pdf),” at *12th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1989. [doi:10.1145/74850.74870](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74850.74870)
1. Todd Lipcon: “[Avoiding Full GCs in Apache HBase with MemStore-Local Allocation Buffers: Part 1](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2011/02/avoiding-full-gcs-in-hbase-with-memstore-local-allocation-buffers-part-1/),” *blog.cloudera.com*, February 24, 2011.
1. Todd Lipcon: “[Avoiding Full GCs in Apache HBase with MemStore-Local Allocation Buffers: Part 1](https://web.archive.org/web/20121101040711/http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2011/02/avoiding-full-gcs-in-hbase-with-memstore-local-allocation-buffers-part-1/),” *blog.cloudera.com*, February 24, 2011.
1. Martin Thompson: “[Java Garbage Collection Distilled](http://mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/java-garbage-collection-distilled.html),” *mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk*, July 16, 2013.
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1. Alexey Ragozin: “[How to Tame Java GC Pauses? Surviving 16GiB Heap and Greater](https://dzone.com/articles/how-tame-java-gc-pauses),” *dzone.com*, June 28, 2011.
1. Christopher Clark, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, et al.: “[Live Migration of Virtual Machines](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2005-nsdi-migration.pdf),” at *2nd USENIX Symposium on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation* (NSDI), May 2005.
1. Mike Shaver: “[fsyncers and Curveballs](http://shaver.off.net/diary/2008/05/25/fsyncers-and-curveballs/),” *shaver.off.net*, May 25, 2008.
1. Zhenyun Zhuang and Cuong Tran: “[Eliminating Large JVM GC Pauses Caused by Background IO Traffic](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/02/eliminating-large-jvm-gc-pauses-caused-by-background-io-traffic),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, February 10, 2016.
@ -731,10 +731,10 @@ Web 应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端(如 Web
1. Flavio P. Junqueira and Benjamin Reed: *ZooKeeper: Distributed Process Coordination*. O'Reilly Media, 2013. ISBN: 978-1-449-36130-3
1. Enis Söztutar: “[HBase and HDFS: Understanding Filesystem Usage in HBase](http://www.slideshare.net/enissoz/hbase-and-hdfs-understanding-filesystem-usage),” at *HBaseCon*, June 2013.
1. Caitie McCaffrey: “[Clients Are Jerks: AKA How Halo 4 DoSed the Services at Launch & How We Survived](http://caitiem.com/2015/06/23/clients-are-jerks-aka-how-halo-4-dosed-the-services-at-launch-how-we-survived/),” *caitiem.com*, June 23, 2015.
1. Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease: “[The Byzantine Generals Problem](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 4, number 3, pages 382401, July 1982. [doi:10.1145/357172.357176](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176)
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1. Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease: “[The Byzantine Generals Problem](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/byzantine-generals-problem/),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 4, number 3, pages 382401, July 1982. [doi:10.1145/357172.357176](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176)
1. Jim N. Gray: “[Notes on Data Base Operating Systems](http://jimgray.azurewebsites.net/papers/dbos.pdf),” in *Operating Systems: An Advanced Course*, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 60, edited by R. Bayer, R. M. Graham, and G. Seegmüller, pages 393481, Springer-Verlag, 1978. ISBN: 978-3-540-08755-7
1. Brian Palmer: “[How Complicated Was the Byzantine Empire?](http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/10/the_byzantine_tax_code_how_complicated_was_byzantium_anyway_.html),” *slate.com*, October 20, 2011.
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1. Leslie Lamport: “[My Writings](http://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/pubs.html),” *lamport.azurewebsites.net*, December 16, 2014. This page can be found by searching the web for the 23-character string obtained by removing the hyphens from the string `allla-mport-spubso-ntheweb`.
1. John Rushby: “[Bus Architectures for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems](http://www.csl.sri.com/papers/emsoft01/emsoft01.pdf),” at *1st International Workshop on Embedded Software* (EMSOFT), October 2001.
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1. Andrew Miller and Joseph J. LaViola, Jr.: “[Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/anonymous-byzantine-consensus.pdf),” University of Central Florida, Technical Report CS-TR-14-01, April 2014.

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@ -946,22 +946,22 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小伙伴们可以看作是成员资格服务membership se
1. Peter Bailis, Aaron Davidson, Alan Fekete, et al.: “[Highly Available Transactions: Virtues and Limitations](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.0309.pdf),” at *40th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2014. Extended version published as pre-print arXiv:1302.0309 [cs.DB].
1. Paolo Viotti and Marko Vukolić: “[Consistency in Non-Transactional Distributed Storage Systems](http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00168),” arXiv:1512.00168, 12 April 2016.
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1. Bruce G. Lindsay, Patricia Griffiths Selinger, C. Galtieri, et al.: “[Notes on Distributed Databases](http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/A776EC17FC2FCE73852579F100578964/$File/RJ2571.pdf),” IBM Research, Research Report RJ2571(33471), July 1979.
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1. Mahesh Balakrishnan, Dahlia Malkhi, Vijayan Prabhakaran, et al.: “[CORFU: A Shared Log Design for Flash Clusters](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi12/nsdi12-final30.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), April 2012.
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1. Rachid Guerraoui: “[Revisiting the Relationship Between Non-Blocking Atomic Commitment and Consensus](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.6456&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *9th International Workshop on Distributed Algorithms* (WDAG), September 1995. [doi:10.1007/BFb0022140](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BFb0022140)
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1. Ivan Silva Neto and Francisco Reverbel: “[Lessons Learned from Implementing WS-Coordination and WS-AtomicTransaction](http://www.ime.usp.br/~reverbel/papers/icis2008.pdf),” at *7th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science* (ICIS), May 2008. [doi:10.1109/ICIS.2008.75](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIS.2008.75)
1. James E. Johnson, David E. Langworthy, Leslie Lamport, and Friedrich H. Vogt: “[Formal Specification of a Web Services Protocol](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/wsfm-web.pdf),” at *1st International Workshop on Web Services and Formal Methods* (WS-FM), February 2004. [doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.022](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.022)
1. James E. Johnson, David E. Langworthy, Leslie Lamport, and Friedrich H. Vogt: “[Formal Specification of a Web Services Protocol](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/formal-specification-of-a-web-services-protocol/),” at *1st International Workshop on Web Services and Formal Methods* (WS-FM), February 2004. [doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.022](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.022)
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1. Gregor Hohpe: “[Your Coffee Shop Doesnt Use Two-Phase Commit](http://www.martinfowler.com/ieeeSoftware/coffeeShop.pdf),” *IEEE Software*, volume 22, number 2, pages 6466, March 2005. [doi:10.1109/MS.2005.52](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.52)
1. Pat Helland: “[Life Beyond Distributed Transactions: An Apostates Opinion](http://www-db.cs.wisc.edu/cidr/cidr2007/papers/cidr07p15.pdf),” at *3rd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2007.
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1. Oren Eini (Ahende Rahien): “[The Fallacy of Distributed Transactions](http://ayende.com/blog/167362/the-fallacy-of-distributed-transactions),” *ayende.com*, July 17, 2014.
1. Clemens Vasters: “[Transactions in Windows Azure (with Service Bus) An Email Discussion](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/clemensv/2012/07/30/transactions-in-windows-azure-with-service-bus-an-email-discussion/),” *vasters.com*, July 30, 2012.
1. “[Understanding Transactionality in Azure](https://docs.particular.net/nservicebus/azure/understanding-transactionality-in-azure),” NServiceBus Documentation, Particular Software, 2015.
1. Randy Wigginton, Ryan Lowe, Marcos Albe, and Fernando Ipar: “[Distributed Transactions in MySQL](https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sites/default/files/slides/XA_final.pdf),” at *MySQL Conference and Expo*, April 2013.
1. Randy Wigginton, Ryan Lowe, Marcos Albe, and Fernando Ipar: “[Distributed Transactions in MySQL](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010054152/https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sites/default/files/slides/XA_final.pdf),” at *MySQL Conference and Expo*, April 2013.
1. Mike Spille: “[XA Exposed, Part I](http://www.jroller.com/pyrasun/entry/xa_exposed),” *jroller.com*, April 3, 2004.
1. Ajmer Dhariwal: “[Orphaned MSDTC Transactions (-2 spids)](http://www.eraofdata.com/orphaned-msdtc-transactions-2-spids/),” *eraofdata.com*, December 12, 2008.
1. Paul Randal: “[Real World Story of DBCC PAGE Saving the Day](http://www.sqlskills.com/blogs/paul/real-world-story-of-dbcc-page-saving-the-day/),” *sqlskills.com*, June 19, 2013.
@ -1035,8 +1035,8 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小伙伴们可以看作是成员资格服务membership se
1. Miguel Castro and Barbara H. Liskov: “[Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Proactive Recovery](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2012/bib/castro02practical.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 20, number 4, pages 396461, November 2002. [doi:10.1145/571637.571640](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/571637.571640)
1. Brian M. Oki and Barbara H. Liskov: “[Viewstamped Replication: A New Primary Copy Method to Support Highly-Available Distributed Systems](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall11/cos518/papers/viewstamped.pdf),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing* (PODC), August 1988. [doi:10.1145/62546.62549](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/62546.62549)
1. Barbara H. Liskov and James Cowling: “[Viewstamped Replication Revisited](http://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/vr-revisited.pdf),” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tech Report MIT-CSAIL-TR-2012-021, July 2012.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[The Part-Time Parliament](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/lamport-paxos.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 16, number 2, pages 133169, May 1998. [doi:10.1145/279227.279229](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279227.279229)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Paxos Made Simple](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/paxos-simple.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 32, number 4, pages 5158, December 2001.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[The Part-Time Parliament](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/part-time-parliament/),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 16, number 2, pages 133169, May 1998. [doi:10.1145/279227.279229](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279227.279229)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Paxos Made Simple](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/paxos-made-simple/),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 32, number 4, pages 5158, December 2001.
1. Tushar Deepak Chandra, Robert Griesemer, and Joshua Redstone: “[Paxos Made Live An Engineering Perspective](http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/08w-dsi/chandra07paxos.pdf),” at *26th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing* (PODC), June 2007.
1. Robbert van Renesse: “[Paxos Made Moderately Complex](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/rvr/Paxos/paxos.pdf),” *cs.cornell.edu*, March 2011.
1. Diego Ongaro: “[Consensus: Bridging Theory and Practice](https://github.com/ongardie/dissertation),” PhD Thesis, Stanford University, August 2014.
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1. André Medeiros: “[ZooKeepers Atomic Broadcast Protocol: Theory and Practice](http://www.tcs.hut.fi/Studies/T-79.5001/reports/2012-deSouzaMedeiros.pdf),” Aalto University School of Science, March 20, 2012.
1. Robbert van Renesse, Nicolas Schiper, and Fred B. Schneider: “[Vive La Différence: Paxos vs. Viewstamped Replication vs. Zab](http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5671),” *IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing*, volume 12, number 4, pages 472484, September 2014. [doi:10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355848](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355848)
1. Will Portnoy: “[Lessons Learned from Implementing Paxos](http://blog.willportnoy.com/2012/06/lessons-learned-from-paxos.html),” *blog.willportnoy.com*, June 14, 2012.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ In the next chapter, we will turn to stream processing, in which the input is *u
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@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ We have to leave it there for now. In the next chapter we will discuss some of t
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@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ In the next chapter we will continue looking at data that is distributed across
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@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ In this chapter, we explored ideas and algorithms mostly in the context of a dat
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1. Will Portnoy: “[Lessons Learned from Implementing Paxos](http://blog.willportnoy.com/2012/06/lessons-learned-from-paxos.html),” *blog.willportnoy.com*, June 14, 2012.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/7094/pdf/LIPIcs-OPODIS-2016-25.pdf),” at *20th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems* (OPODIS), December 2016. [doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25](http://dx.doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25)
1. Heidi Howard and Jon Crowcroft: “[Coracle: Evaluating Consensus at the Internet Edge](http://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/August/2829988-2790010.pdf),” at *Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015. [doi:10.1145/2829988.2790010](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2829988.2790010)
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch 1.5.0](https://aphyr.com/posts/323-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch-1-5-0),” *aphyr.com*, April 27, 2015.
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1. Kenneth P. Birman: “[A History of the Virtual Synchrony Replication Model](https://www.truststc.org/pubs/713.html),” in *Replication: Theory and Practice*, Springer LNCS volume 5959, chapter 6, pages 91120, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-642-11293-5, [doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6)
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1. Kenneth P. Birman: “[A History of the Virtual Synchrony Replication Model](https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/truststc/pubs/713/History%20of%20the%20Virtual%20Synchrony%20Replication%20Model%202010.pdf),” in *Replication: Theory and Practice*, Springer LNCS volume 5959, chapter 6, pages 91120, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-642-11293-5, [doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6)

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@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ Spark、Flink 和 Tez 避免將中間狀態寫入 HDFS因此它們採取了
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@ -942,11 +942,11 @@ ACID 意義下的一致性(請參閱 “[一致性](ch7.md#一致性)”)基
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1. Yoongu Kim, Ross Daly, Jeremie Kim, et al.: “[Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors](https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~yoonguk/papers/kim-isca14.pdf),” at *41st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture* (ISCA), June 2014. [doi:10.1145/2678373.2665726](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2678373.2665726)

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@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ Cypher 和 SPARQL 使用 SELECT 立即跳轉,但是 Datalog 一次只進行一
1. Sarah Mei: “[Why You Should Never Use MongoDB](http://www.sarahmei.com/blog/2013/11/11/why-you-should-never-use-mongodb/),” *sarahmei.com*, November 11, 2013.
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1. Joseph M. Hellerstein, Michael Stonebraker, and James Hamilton: “[Architecture of a Database System](https://dsf.berkeley.edu/papers/fntdb07-architecture.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 1, number 2, pages 141259, November 2007. [doi:10.1561/1900000002](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000002)
1. Sandeep Parikh and Kelly Stirman: “[Schema Design for Time Series Data in MongoDB](http://blog.mongodb.org/post/65517193370/schema-design-for-time-series-data-in-mongodb),” *blog.mongodb.org*, October 30, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler: “[Schemaless Data Structures](http://martinfowler.com/articles/schemaless/),” *martinfowler.com*, January 7, 2013.
1. Amr Awadallah: “[Schema-on-Read vs. Schema-on-Write](http://www.slideshare.net/awadallah/schemaonread-vs-schemaonwrite),” at *Berkeley EECS RAD Lab Retreat*, Santa Cruz, CA, May 2009.

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@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ LWW 實現了最終收斂的目標,但以 **永續性** 為代價:如果同
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1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/7094/pdf/LIPIcs-OPODIS-2016-25.pdf),” at *20th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems* (OPODIS), December 2016. [doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25](http://dx.doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25)
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Re: Absolute Consistency](https://web.archive.org/web/20190919171316/http://lists.basho.com:80/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2012-January/007157.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, January 11, 2012.
1. Joseph Blomstedt: “[Bringing Consistency to Riak](https://vimeo.com/51973001),” at *RICON West*, October 2012.
1. Peter Bailis, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Quantifying Eventual Consistency with PBS](http://www.bailis.org/papers/pbs-cacm2014.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 57, number 8, pages 93102, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2632792](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632792)
@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ LWW 實現了最終收斂的目標,但以 **永續性** 為代價:如果同
1. “[Riak Enterprise: Multi-Datacenter Replication](https://web.archive.org/web/20150513041837/http://basho.com/assets/MultiDatacenter_Replication.pdf).” Technical whitepaper, Basho Technologies, Inc., September 2014.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Why Cassandra Doesn't Need Vector Clocks](http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/why-cassandra-doesnt-need-vector-clocks),” *datastax.com*, September 2, 2013.
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1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. Joel Jacobson: “[Riak 2.0: Data Types](https://web.archive.org/web/20161023195905/http://blog.joeljacobson.com/riak-2-0-data-types/),” *blog.joeljacobson.com*, March 23, 2014.
1. D. Stott Parker Jr., Gerald J. Popek, Gerard Rudisin, et al.: “[Detection of Mutual Inconsistency in Distributed Systems](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2013/bib/parker83detection.pdf),” *IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering*, volume 9, number 3, pages 240247, May 1983. [doi:10.1109/TSE.1983.236733](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1983.236733)
1. Nuno Preguiça, Carlos Baquero, Paulo Sérgio Almeida, et al.: “[Dotted Version Vectors: Logical Clocks for Optimistic Replication](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1011.5808v1.pdf),” arXiv:1011.5808, November 26, 2010.
1. Sean Cribbs: “[A Brief History of Time in Riak](https://speakerdeck.com/seancribbs/a-brief-history-of-time-in-riak),” at *RICON*, October 2014.

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@ -328,24 +328,24 @@ Couchbase 不會自動進行再平衡,這簡化了設計。通常情況下,
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1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Java's hashCode Is Not Safe for Distributed Systems](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2012/06/18/java-hashcode-unsafe-for-distributed-systems.html),” *martin.kleppmann.com*, June 18, 2012.
1. David Karger, Eric Lehman, Tom Leighton, et al.: “[Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web](http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdf),” at *29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing* (STOC), pages 654663, 1997. [doi:10.1145/258533.258660](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258533.258660)
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1. Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik: “[Cassandra A Decentralized Structured Storage System](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Projects/ladis2009/papers/Lakshman-ladis2009.PDF),” at *3rd ACM SIGOPS International Workshop on Large Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware* (LADIS), October 2009.
1. Jonathan Ellis: “[Facebooks Cassandra Paper, Annotated and Compared to Apache Cassandra 2.0](http://www.datastax.com/documentation/articles/cassandra/cassandrathenandnow.html),” *datastax.com*, September 12, 2013.
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1. Samuel Axon: “[3% of Twitter's Servers Dedicated to Justin Bieber](https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041636/https://mashable.com/2010/09/07/justin-bieber-twitter/?europe=true),” *mashable.com*, September 7, 2010.
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1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](http://www.elasticsearch.org/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elasticsearch.org*, June 3, 2013.
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1. Richard Low: “[The Sweet Spot for Cassandra Secondary Indexing](https://web.archive.org/web/20190831132955/http://www.wentnet.com/blog/?p=77),” *wentnet.com*, October 21, 2013.
1. Zachary Tong: “[Customizing Your Document Routing](https://www.elastic.co/blog/customizing-your-document-routing/),” *elastic.co*, June 3, 2013.
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1. Rusty Klophaus: “[Difference Between 2I and Search](https://web.archive.org/web/20150926053350/http://lists.basho.com/pipermail/riak-users_lists.basho.com/2011-October/006220.html),” email to *riak-users* mailing list, *lists.basho.com*, October 25, 2011.
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@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ Couchbase 不會自動進行再平衡,這簡化了設計。通常情況下,
1. Jason Wilder: “[Open-Source Service Discovery](http://jasonwilder.com/blog/2014/02/04/service-discovery-in-the-cloud/),” *jasonwilder.com*, February 2014.
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1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/206464/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
1. Shivnath Babu and Herodotos Herodotou: “[Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/db-mr-survey-final.pdf),” *Foundations and Trends in Databases*, volume 5, number 1, pages 1104, November 2013.[doi:10.1561/1900000036](http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1900000036)
------

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@ -899,24 +899,24 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
1. Don Allison: “[SSD Storage Ignorance of Technology Is No Excuse](https://blog.korelogic.com/blog/2015/03/24),” *blog.korelogic.com*, March 24, 2015.
1. Dave Scherer: “[Those Are Not Transactions (Cassandra 2.0)](http://web.archive.org/web/20150526065247/http://blog.foundationdb.com/those-are-not-transactions-cassandra-2-0),” *blog.foundationdb.com*, September 6, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](http://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. “[ACID Support in Aerospike](http://www.aerospike.com/docs/architecture/assets/AerospikeACIDSupport.pdf),” Aerospike, Inc., June 2014.
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@ -924,10 +924,10 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
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1. Bruce G. Lindsay, Patricia Griffiths Selinger, C. Galtieri, et al.: “[Notes on Distributed Databases](http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/A776EC17FC2FCE73852579F100578964/$File/RJ2571.pdf),” IBM Research, Research Report RJ2571(33471), July 1979.
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1. Mahesh Balakrishnan, Dahlia Malkhi, Vijayan Prabhakaran, et al.: “[CORFU: A Shared Log Design for Flash Clusters](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi12/nsdi12-final30.pdf),” at *9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), April 2012.
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1. Mahesh Balakrishnan, Dahlia Malkhi, Ted Wobber, et al.: “[Tango: Distributed Data Structures over a Shared Log](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/tango-distributed-data-structures-over-a-shared-log/),” at *24th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), November 2013. [doi:10.1145/2517349.2522732](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2517349.2522732)
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1. Enis Söztutar, Devaraj Das, and Carter Shanklin: “[Apache HBase High Availability at the Next Level](https://web.archive.org/web/20160405122821/http://hortonworks.com/blog/apache-hbase-high-availability-next-level/),” *hortonworks.com*, January 22, 2015.
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1. Rachid Guerraoui: “[Revisiting the Relationship Between Non-Blocking Atomic Commitment and Consensus](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.6456&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *9th International Workshop on Distributed Algorithms* (WDAG), September 1995. [doi:10.1007/BFb0022140](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BFb0022140)
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1. Ivan Silva Neto and Francisco Reverbel: “[Lessons Learned from Implementing WS-Coordination and WS-AtomicTransaction](http://www.ime.usp.br/~reverbel/papers/icis2008.pdf),” at *7th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science* (ICIS), May 2008. [doi:10.1109/ICIS.2008.75](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIS.2008.75)
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1. James E. Johnson, David E. Langworthy, Leslie Lamport, and Friedrich H. Vogt: “[Formal Specification of a Web Services Protocol](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/formal-specification-of-a-web-services-protocol/),” at *1st International Workshop on Web Services and Formal Methods* (WS-FM), February 2004. [doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.022](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.022)
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1. Gregor Hohpe: “[Your Coffee Shop Doesnt Use Two-Phase Commit](http://www.martinfowler.com/ieeeSoftware/coffeeShop.pdf),” *IEEE Software*, volume 22, number 2, pages 6466, March 2005. [doi:10.1109/MS.2005.52](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.52)
1. Pat Helland: “[Life Beyond Distributed Transactions: An Apostates Opinion](http://www-db.cs.wisc.edu/cidr/cidr2007/papers/cidr07p15.pdf),” at *3rd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2007.
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1. Oren Eini (Ahende Rahien): “[The Fallacy of Distributed Transactions](http://ayende.com/blog/167362/the-fallacy-of-distributed-transactions),” *ayende.com*, July 17, 2014.
1. Clemens Vasters: “[Transactions in Windows Azure (with Service Bus) An Email Discussion](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/clemensv/2012/07/30/transactions-in-windows-azure-with-service-bus-an-email-discussion/),” *vasters.com*, July 30, 2012.
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1. Randy Wigginton, Ryan Lowe, Marcos Albe, and Fernando Ipar: “[Distributed Transactions in MySQL](https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sites/default/files/slides/XA_final.pdf),” at *MySQL Conference and Expo*, April 2013.
1. Randy Wigginton, Ryan Lowe, Marcos Albe, and Fernando Ipar: “[Distributed Transactions in MySQL](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010054152/https://www.percona.com/live/mysql-conference-2013/sites/default/files/slides/XA_final.pdf),” at *MySQL Conference and Expo*, April 2013.
1. Mike Spille: “[XA Exposed, Part I](http://www.jroller.com/pyrasun/entry/xa_exposed),” *jroller.com*, April 3, 2004.
1. Ajmer Dhariwal: “[Orphaned MSDTC Transactions (-2 spids)](http://www.eraofdata.com/orphaned-msdtc-transactions-2-spids/),” *eraofdata.com*, December 12, 2008.
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@ -1035,8 +1035,8 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小夥伴們可以看作是成員資格服務membership se
1. Miguel Castro and Barbara H. Liskov: “[Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Proactive Recovery](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2012/bib/castro02practical.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 20, number 4, pages 396461, November 2002. [doi:10.1145/571637.571640](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/571637.571640)
1. Brian M. Oki and Barbara H. Liskov: “[Viewstamped Replication: A New Primary Copy Method to Support Highly-Available Distributed Systems](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall11/cos518/papers/viewstamped.pdf),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing* (PODC), August 1988. [doi:10.1145/62546.62549](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/62546.62549)
1. Barbara H. Liskov and James Cowling: “[Viewstamped Replication Revisited](http://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/vr-revisited.pdf),” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tech Report MIT-CSAIL-TR-2012-021, July 2012.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[The Part-Time Parliament](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/lamport-paxos.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 16, number 2, pages 133169, May 1998. [doi:10.1145/279227.279229](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279227.279229)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Paxos Made Simple](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/paxos-simple.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 32, number 4, pages 5158, December 2001.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[The Part-Time Parliament](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/part-time-parliament/),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 16, number 2, pages 133169, May 1998. [doi:10.1145/279227.279229](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279227.279229)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Paxos Made Simple](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/paxos-made-simple/),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 32, number 4, pages 5158, December 2001.
1. Tushar Deepak Chandra, Robert Griesemer, and Joshua Redstone: “[Paxos Made Live An Engineering Perspective](http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/08w-dsi/chandra07paxos.pdf),” at *26th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing* (PODC), June 2007.
1. Robbert van Renesse: “[Paxos Made Moderately Complex](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/rvr/Paxos/paxos.pdf),” *cs.cornell.edu*, March 2011.
1. Diego Ongaro: “[Consensus: Bridging Theory and Practice](https://github.com/ongardie/dissertation),” PhD Thesis, Stanford University, August 2014.
@ -1044,12 +1044,12 @@ ZooKeeper 和它的小夥伴們可以看作是成員資格服務membership se
1. André Medeiros: “[ZooKeepers Atomic Broadcast Protocol: Theory and Practice](http://www.tcs.hut.fi/Studies/T-79.5001/reports/2012-deSouzaMedeiros.pdf),” Aalto University School of Science, March 20, 2012.
1. Robbert van Renesse, Nicolas Schiper, and Fred B. Schneider: “[Vive La Différence: Paxos vs. Viewstamped Replication vs. Zab](http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5671),” *IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing*, volume 12, number 4, pages 472484, September 2014. [doi:10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355848](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355848)
1. Will Portnoy: “[Lessons Learned from Implementing Paxos](http://blog.willportnoy.com/2012/06/lessons-learned-from-paxos.html),” *blog.willportnoy.com*, June 14, 2012.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/7094/pdf/LIPIcs-OPODIS-2016-25.pdf),” at *20th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems* (OPODIS), December 2016. [doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25](http://dx.doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.OPODIS.2016.25)
1. Heidi Howard and Jon Crowcroft: “[Coracle: Evaluating Consensus at the Internet Edge](http://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/August/2829988-2790010.pdf),” at *Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015. [doi:10.1145/2829988.2790010](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2829988.2790010)
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch 1.5.0](https://aphyr.com/posts/323-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch-1-5-0),” *aphyr.com*, April 27, 2015.
1. Ivan Kelly: “[BookKeeper Tutorial](https://github.com/ivankelly/bookkeeper-tutorial),” *github.com*, October 2014.
1. Camille Fournier: “[Consensus Systems for the Skeptical Architect](http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/61483409),” at *Craft Conference*, Budapest, Hungary, April 2015.
1. Kenneth P. Birman: “[A History of the Virtual Synchrony Replication Model](https://www.truststc.org/pubs/713.html),” in *Replication: Theory and Practice*, Springer LNCS volume 5959, chapter 6, pages 91120, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-642-11293-5, [doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6)
1. Camille Fournier: “[Consensus Systems for the Skeptical Architect](https://vimeo.com/102667163),” at *Philly ETE*, Philadelphia, PA, USA, April 2014.
1. Kenneth P. Birman: “[A History of the Virtual Synchrony Replication Model](https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/truststc/pubs/713/History%20of%20the%20Virtual%20Synchrony%20Replication%20Model%202010.pdf),” in *Replication: Theory and Practice*, Springer LNCS volume 5959, chapter 6, pages 91120, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-642-11293-5, [doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6)
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